Today -100: November 30, 1925: They wish to go as fast as possible along the same road

Coolidge’s Aircraft Board of Inquiry rejects Billy Mitchell’s call for a unified Air Force, continuing the existing system of separate army and navy air services.

Texan citizens create a fund to pay for a special session of the Legislature to investigate Gov. Miriam Ferguson, since it turns out that special sessions don’t have the power to appropriate funds for themselves during the special session.

A day after Gov. Ferguson announces a bounty on rich flouters of prohibition law, George Brady, a black butler at the Governor’s Mansion is arrested for attempting to sell liquor to some white dudes. Brady had a death sentence commuted by a previous governor, but his parole was revoked by another governor “on general principles,” he was then furloughed to work in the Mansion, and later pardoned by Ms. Ferguson.

The NYT op-ed page says it would have more sympathy with Ferguson’s critics if she hadn’t campaigned on a promise to let her husband do most of the governoring, a job divided between “an elected wife who confesses small knowledge of how to exercise it and a husband whose record shows that he knows too much.”

British Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill says “The Socialist in his folly and the Communist in his malice would undermine and fatally wreck the pillars of our society. They wish to go as fast as possible along the same road, but the Communist thinks he can smash his way by violence and the Socialist believes he can do it by humbug.” I’ve said it before: we just don’t use the word “humbug” often enough these days.

Gandhi is fasting again. The NYT fails to say why, but it’s a “penitential” 7-day fast after “moral lapses” by some kids at the Satyagraha Ashram.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 29, 1925: Of booze bounties

Texas Gov. Miriam “Ma” Ferguson offers a $500 reward for the arrest and conviction of any Texan for violation of prohibition laws – if they’re worth more than $5,000. This is her response to critics of her pardons of poor people jailed for low-level liquor offences, such as certain millionaire newspaper publishers. The press conference does nothing to dispel the notion that it’s her husband who is really running the state, as she turns all the hard questions over to him. The Austin American editorializes, “James E. Ferguson Should Cease to Be Governor.”

The Italian bill currently being debated to punish expatriate Italian critics of Fascism by removal of their citizenship and seizure of their property neglects to specify what actual infractions are covered or how the culprits’ guilt will be determined.

The collapse of the Painlevé government in France halted work on a bill to suppress the French Fascisti.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 28, 1925: They’ve scraped Hell with a fine-tooth comb and they’ve found nothing

The German Reichstag ratifies the Locarno treaties, 291 to 174, and authorizes the government to apply for membership in the League of Nations. 

Bells are installed under each seat in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, just in case deputies would like to drown out, say, a Communist deputy.

Aristide Briand manages to form a Cabinet.

Reporters who thought they’d be having a press conference with Texas Gov. Miriam Ferguson are instead presented with her husband, former impeached governor James Ferguson, described as “a tall, lean, hard-bitten man of the shrewd farmer type,” who explains that his wife is too tired from shaking hands at the Thanksgiving football game between the U of Texas and the Aggies. In the two-hour presser, Ferguson doesn’t quite dispel the notion that he’s the person really running the state, repeatedly deploying the pronoun “we,” as in “We haven’t decided whether we will run for governor again,” and even saying “I” came second in the first primary. He says the impeachment talk is from a dastardly coalition of the Klan and supporters of other candidates for governor next year. He denies selling pardons. He admits that road contractors have been making huge profits, but attributes it to the good weather. He says “They’ve scraped Hell with a fine-tooth comb and they’ve found nothing.” Ferguson, who during his own impeachment 12 years ago refused to say who had given him a $156,000 loan, now admits it was 3 brewers supporting his anti-prohibition stance.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 27, 1925: Of cabinets, kings of Siam, lonely Thanksgivings, and hangings

Édouard Herriot fails to form a Cabinet (in bargaining with him, the Socialists rather overplayed their hand), so Aristide Briand is given another shot at it.

King Rama VI of Siam dies at 44. He has no male heirs but a daughter was born 2 days (or possibly 2 hours, I’ve seen both) before he died. The throne will go to his brother. VI went to Oxford, where he was a member of the Bullingdon Club, just like Boris Johnson, and he translated Romeo and Juliet and The Merchant of Venice into Thai.

Kip Rhinelander, whose family bullied him into this annulment lawsuit, has no contact with that family on Thanksgiving. He eats his dinner alone in his hotel with the family lawyer/Kip-wrangler. Alice celebrates the holiday with her family.

Two Greek colonels, one of whom was the chief of police at Saloniki, are publicly hanged outside Athens before a crowd of 30,000, for embezzling public funds. It’s a novelty, hanging having only recently been introduced in Greece. Don’t know how they used to execute people.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 26, 1925: I don’t give a damn if he is

France: Paul Doumer, like Briand, fails to form a cabinet, so Édouard Herriot, who was last prime minister in April, will try next.

Texas Gov. Miriam Ferguson celebrates Thanksgiving by pardoning another 105 prisoners, including 27 murderers. Bribes? Maybe. She is under threat of impeachment for incompetence and waste of government funds, and many are criticizing her profligate issuing of pardons, a lot of them for prohibition offenses but including a bunch of murderers as well. One of her opponents in the Legislature, who the NYT annoyingly does not name, says “The next governor of Texas will be a man.” Speaker Lee Satterwhite says if Ferguson refuses to call a special session, he will. He says normally the chivalric men of the Legislature – and only men, although there was one (1) woman in the previous Lege) – wouldn’t pick on a woman, but she isn’t really governor, just “an accident in the Governor’s office... under the domination of her husband,” former impeached governor James Ferguson. Attorney General Dan Moody has advised the Speaker that he has the power to call a special session and that wanton waste (wanton waste is the worst kind of waste) constitutes a ground for impeachment; Attorney General Dan Moody will be the next governor of Texas.

On the witness stand in Rhinelander v. Rhinelander: a chauffeur who drove Kip around and pointed out to him that Alice’s father was a colored man. “I don’t give a damn if he is,” Kip responded.

Incidentally George Jones, Alice Rhinelander’s British-born father, always insists that he is a colored man (or mulatto, as they say in Britain), not a negro. It’s a very important distinction for him.

5 British Communists (including future general secretary Harry Pollitt) are sentenced to 1 year for conspiracy to utter seditious libels and incitement to mutiny. 7 others get 6-month sentences after refusing to promise not to have anything to do with the Communist Party.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 25, 1925: First they say she said too much, and now they say she said nothing

France: Aristide Briand fails to form a cabinet. Leon Blum was asking for more ministries for the Socialists than Briand was willing to give. Paul Doumer will make the next attempt.

French Pres. Gaston Doumergue cancels the official reception for the new Russian ambassador, Christian Rakovsky, who has been insisting that the Garde Republicain Band play the Internationale at the event.

Kip Rhinelander’s lawyer asks to amend the charge against Alice Rhinelander from positive fraud to negative fraud. They’re no longer claiming that the Kipster didn’t realize she had negro blood but that she should have told him – nay, was required to tell him – that she was not white. Her lawyer responds, “First they say she said too much, and now they say she said nothing.”

Leonard Kip Rhinelander’s name has been removed from the 1926 edition of the New York Social Register.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 24, 1925: You loved to have me do that, didn’t you, old scout?

Bryn Mawr College’s Self-Government Association (i.e., the student body) calls for  students to be allowed to smoke. The president agrees, saying the ban no longer rests on “intelligent public opinion.” A questionnaire shows half the students smoke.

50 members of the Texas Legislature sign a petition calling on the Speaker to call a special session (since Gov. Miriam Ferguson refuses to do so) to investigate the highly corrupt highway spending overseen by her husband. They plan to use the session to impeach members of the Highway Commission and, oh yeah, Gov. Ferguson herself. Attorney General Dan Moody last week forced the American Road Company to return $600,000 of excess profits.

French Pres. Gaston Doumergue asks Aristide Briand to form a government and become prime minister for the 8th time. The composition of his cabinet will likely have to move rightward. This sort of instability in French government could never happen today.

Headline of the Day -100:

There has been a series of violent assaults on women recently in Toledo, and this is the police response.

At the Rhinelander annulment trial, those letters from Kip to Alice are read to the court, after the judge orders women spectators to leave the courtroom (he’d just suggested it to them earlier, with limited compliance – then he read one of the letters). After reading the first letter, whose contents the NYT fails to disclose (but they will be available from street vendors the next day), Kip’s lawyer, retired NY Supreme Court justice Isaac Mills, asks him, “You recognize that letter as smut?” Young Kip agrees that the letter he wrote, which wasn’t exactly intended for public consumption, was indeed smut. Mills describes the second letter as “the vilest smut.” So if you’re wondering, the Kipster’s letter was about him going down on Alice. “You loved to have me do that, didn’t you, old scout?”  (Isn’t that the name of the porn version of The Great Gatsby?) Her lawyer asks him, “You had no suspicion inside of you that to put your head between her legs was an unnatural thing?” He didn’t.

It gets grosser from there. Her lawyer asks the justice to clear the court so the jury can inspect her body to determine whether Kip would have recognized her skin color as negroid. She is told to lower her coat, under which she is wearing only underwear, down to her breasts and raise it to her knees. Crying all the time. He then asks Kip if she’s the same color she was when they spent a week fucking in the Hotel Marie Antoinette. He concedes that she is.

(Because things have gotten sooooo much better in the last hundred years, Brigitte Macron, wife of the French president, recently had to provide scientific evidence of not being a man to the court trying her defamation suit against an “influencer” who said she was.)

The federal Bureau of Education compiles a list of 40 books all children should read by age 16. Little Women, Robinson Crusoe, tons of Twain & Kipling, Alice in Wonderland, and, um, Uncle Remus.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court upholds the death sentence on William Cavalier, at 15 the youngest person ever sentenced to death in the electric chair in Pennsylvania. When he was 14 he killed his grandmother with a rifle to steal money to go to the movies. No article I’ve read about the case says what the movie was, but we are informed that he enjoyed it.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 23, 1925: Of confidence and spirit photographs

France: the government of Paul Painlevé loses a vote of confidence in Parliament, the right wing and the Communists joining forces to defeat it.

An article in Scientific American debunks a “spirit photograph” of St John the Evangelist and some cupids which Arthur Conan Doyle defended as totally real. The article, by Walter Franklin Prince, who actually believes in some psychical stuff, identifies the original on which the fraud is based: a 17th-century painting by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, with some added “ectoplasm.” “Do London spiritualists never visit the National Gallery?” he asks.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 22, 1925: Foreshadowing

The Rhinelander v. Rhinelander case was abruptly adjourned Thursday after Alice’s lawyers blatantly attempted to blackmail young Kip, showing him a letter he wrote to Alice in hornier days but not reading the letter to the court... yet. Evidently it’s explosive enough that his lawyers are now reportedly negotiating for a 6-figure settlement.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 21, 1925: Of queens mother, prohibition, and burying Snoopy’s arch-nemesis

Queen Mother Alexandra, the Denmark-born widow of Edward VII, dies

at 80.

Coolidge calls for prosecutions of users of alcohol and not just bootleggers.

France has finally given the body of The Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, back to Germany, which holds a ceremony in which the coffin is accompanied by planes. One of which crashes, killing its 21-year-old pilot. It’s what Reddy would have wanted, probably. 

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 20, 1925: Of new world spirits, candidate kings, and jaundice

At the dinner of the NY State Chamber of Commerce, Pres. Coolidge (also broadcast over the radio) calls for the US to join the World Court. While reassuring his audience that it would involve few actual obligations, he says it would have a tremendous sentimental effect. “It would be public notice that the enormous influences of our country were to be cast upon the side of the enlightening processes of civilization. It would be the beginning of a new world spirit.”

Fascist deputies in the Italian Parliament attack and throw out Communist deputies. 

I must have missed the speech where Mussolini threatened to annex the Austrian Tyrol. So far, this campaign consists of the post office refusing to deliver mail in South Tyrol, which was awarded to Italy after the war, unless it’s addressed in Italian.

Archduke Albrecht II, a lesser Habsburg, who “has not previously shown striking qualities of leadership” but is pushing to become King of Hungary, becomes leader of the more or less fascist (mostly more) Society of Awakening Hungarians.

The NYT refers to the questioning of Kip Rhinelander on the stand as “at times unprintable, and a constant dwelling on unpleasant subjects.” Was it jaundice? He says that Alice’s father, whose blackitudinousness is more obvious than hers, told him that he was an Englishman with jaundice, and he believed him. “Mr. Davis tried to get him to admit that he had seen the elderly negro in his nightshirt but without success.”

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 19, 1925: Of odium, the only live force in Italy, defectives, and the arms of women in Havana

The British House of Commons ratifies the Locarno Treaty in what is being called “the spirit of Locarno,” meaning a European desire for enduring peace. Ramsay MacDonald and David Lloyd George criticize the lack of consultation with the British Dominions. Foreign Minister Austen Chamberlain (whose brother will declare “peace for our time” in 1938) says, “I do not say that these treaties when ratified will make war impossible...” Disappointing. “...but I do say they will render war infinitely more difficult.” How will it render war infinitely – infinitely! – more difficult? Because any country that starts a war will be “clearly putting itself in the wrong before the whole civilised world and bearing the odium of such wrong-doing.”

The Italian Parliament is considering a bill to make Mussolini responsible only to the weak-ass king, not, as now, in theory, to parliament and the king. Other “ultra-fascista” bills would give The Duck a veto over the agenda of Parliament and seize the property and revoke the citizenship of Italians living abroad who say bad things about (“damage the prestige of”) the Fascist regime. The Duck praises the idea of Italians all voluntarily subscribing to pay off the war debt to the US. He sez “Today Fascismo is the only live force in Italy. Everything else can be relegated to museums.” Also, “Throughout the world there is a feeling that the parliamentary system was good in the past, but today it is insufficient for the needs and passions of modern society.”

Dr. Clarence Cook Little, president of the University of Michigan, calls for the sterilization of mental “defectives.” He says there won’t be any abuse of this because “a public opinion intelligent enough to understand its need will be intelligent enough to prevent its abuse.” See, and you were worried about abuse.

The Hungarian Court of Appeals reverses the death sentences (and possibly the convictions as well? unclear) of József Márffy and Karl Marosi, two leaders of the Society of Awakening Hungarians who threw bombs into a Jewish dance hall 2 years ago, killing 9, but it does sentence them to 6 years for trying to bomb the French Legation, the homes of 2 Liberal leaders, a court building, etc. Some light googling failed to reveal whatever happened to these dudes.

Rhinelander v. Rhinelander: Leonard “Kip” Rhinelander is questioned by Alice’s lawyer Lee Davis:

“What is the color of your wife’s body?”

“Dark.”

“How dark?”

“Fairly dark.”

“Is it very pronounced?”

“It isn’t any darker than the arms of women I have seen in Havana.”

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 18, 1925: You must admit that there is no longer room for modesty here

Headline of the Day -100:

A French expedition plans to reach the North Pole next year utilizing motorized amphibious sledges, some of them carrying airplanes. Honestly, that explanation is more than a little disappointing after reading “mystery sleds” in the headline.

The British Admiralty decides that the destroyer Vivacious won’t have former Prime Minister Lloyd George’s badge as its insignia but rather... a squirrel.

The Italian Senate discusses giving women the municipal vote, while the Chamber considers abolishing elections in 7,000+ of the 9,000 municipalities. Bit of a roller coaster for the Italian women there.

Rhinelander v. Rhinelander: Leonard “Kip” Rhinelander testifies, or, as the NYT puts it, “A sadly confused young man stuttered his way through the intimate confessions of his courtship”. Alice’s lawyer Lee Davis gets him to admit that he, in the words of Davis, “voluntarily fell in love with” Alice quite soon after meeting her in 1921. This undercuts Kip’s lawyer’s assertions that he was the weak-minded victim of a scheming woman. He admits that it was he who pursued her and it had been his idea to get an apartment with her. Davis: “I didn’t want to bring filth into this case, but you must admit that there is no longer room for modesty here.” The Kippinator also admits that some of the claims in his pre-trial sworn statements, such as that he had frequent conversations about race with Alice in which she lied, were not true and were inserted by his father’s thug/lawyer. It’s possible Kip is trying to sabotage the case his family forced him into.

His testimony is interrupted so they can bring to the stand... famous black-face actor Al Jolson, who just wants to deny ever speaking with Alice, as she had claimed in one of her letters. The newspaper reports have caused him some trouble with his wife.

Back to the main witness. Leonard admits having taken meals with Alice’s relatives, despite having previously said that he doesn’t want to associate with colored people. He does deny having played a game of deuces wild with black men.

Then some of his letters to Alice are read out. He is forced to admit he was trying to get Alice to think about sex.

“What did you mean by ‘If you are real nice to me, once in a while I will let you drive’?”

“If she would let me caress her.”

....

“What is the worse deception, to lead a girl to believe you want to marry her and take that which is most precious to a woman, or for her to say she is white and not colored?”

“The latter.”

Davis asks if he didn’t recognize that a phrase Alice used, “strutting party” (dancing) was “a typically negro expression.” He did not.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 17, 1925: It is your badge of masculinity

Rhinelander v. Rhinelander: the reading of Alice’s letters to Kip concludes after 4 loooong days. The jury is bored; other people’s love letters are never as interesting as you think they’re going to be. 108 of their letters to each other will be read.

D.C. Stephenson is sentenced to life. Yeah I know I said 20 years, not sure what the discrepancy is. His two co-conspirators who were acquitted are back in court charged with arson for a fire set at Stephenson’s home, to collect the insurance money, two days after Madge Oberholtzer’s funeral.

Bishop Collins Denny advises the North Carolina Methodist Conference to grow mustaches: “That’s all the women have left us. They cut their hair and wear men’s clothes, but they can’t wear a mustache. It is your badge of masculinity.”

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 16, 1925: If submarines are outlawed, only outlaws will have submarines

Sen. William Borah (R-Idaho), Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations, and other senators, support the movement to ban submarines. He also wants to ban war.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 15, 1925: Of nyes, dragons, and submarines

North Dakota Gov. Arthur Sorlie (D) appoints Gerald (pronounced with a hard G, I’m informed) Nye, editor of the The Fryburg Pioneer, to the unexpired US Senate term of Edwin Ladd, who died in June. Nye’s a Dem., Ladd was an R. Also, it’s unclear whether the governor actually has the authority to make this appointment, so Republicans in the Senate are threatening not to seat Nye.

D. C. Stephenson, former grand dragon of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan, is convicted of 2nd degree murder for the death of Madge Oberholtzer, who took poison after his sexual assault on her and who he then kept from medical care. He is sentenced to 20 years, which is odd because I know he served more than that (and more still after he broke his parole). Surprisingly, his 2 bodyguards are acquitted.

A British submarine is declared lost after a Swedish ship bumps into it, with 69 members lost (stop sniggering). There’s a growing movement in Britain to ban the things altogether.

The NYT Sunday Book Review reviews the translation of Karel Čapek’s 1922 novel Krakatit about an engineer on the run after inventing an explosive that could end all life. I haven’t read it, but the Times reviewer seems confused as hell by a work of science fiction (to use an anachronistic term).

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 14, 1925: Governor Smith may be a big man in New York but he does not cut any ice here

The Rhinelander v. Rhinelander court hears more of Alice Rhinelander’s letters to her future husband, in which she tried to make him jealous by mentioning other men, including Al Jolson, who she said was a guest at the house where she was a maid. Did they really spend an entire day just reading out letters? 

Al Kelly, a sailor, has a side gig as a “human fly.” He climbs the 24-story Candler Building on W. 42nd Street, NYC after accepting a $500 bet that he could perch on its flagpole for four hours. But after an hour a cop who used to be a structural steel worker starts climbing after him, and Kelly gives up. The cop drags him to court, where he’s released after telling his story.

Examination of King Tutankhamun’s mummy shows that he was 15 (and let’s not even get into his mummy penis).

Colorado Gov. Clarence Morley refuses to extradite Philip Klein, who is wanted by New York on firearm charges and jumping bail. One of the NYC cops who trekked to Colorado says Morley told them that “Governor Smith may be a big man in New York but he does not cut any ice here” and “If Klein is a menace to New York, he is a menace here as well, so we will keep him.” Which makes no sense at all since he faces no charges in Colorado. Morley denies that conversation took place, says the papers were improperly filled out. Det. Sullivan thinks Morley is following Ku Klux Klan wishes. 

The producers of Eugene O’Neill’s “Desire Under the Elms” will skip Boston, refusing Mayor James Curley’s demand for extensive edits.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 13, 1925: Of debts, bee strikes, filth, and duels

Italy agrees to pay off its war debt to the US. $2,407,000,000 over 62 years. These are better terms than the US is offering anyone else, reflecting the poor state of the Italian economy.

Headline of the Day -100:

These are bees which France insisted on getting from Germany as part of war reparations, no longer producing honey. They sure assimilated fast, didn’t they?

Alice Rhinelander’s lawyer Lee Davis objects to Kip’s lawyer reading out “this filth,” meaning his client’s letters, 26 of which are read to the jury today. He threatens “If this girl is dragged in the slime, I’ll drag him as well (by reading his letters to Alice).”

Sadly, they aren’t filth, even by 1920s standards, so I won’t bother with quotes.

The German Reichstag’s Judiciary Committee adopts a bill to cashier army officers who participate in duels. War Minister Otto Geßler, who personally disapproves of duels, nevertheless objects to officers being fired for something university students get away with all the time and for which other government officials are not fired. Naturally, the right-wing nationalist parties vote against punishing duelists. During a previous Reichstag debate on dueling, one deputy... well, you can guess.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 12, 1925: Of rhinelanders, blue shirts, and shells

Rhinelander v. Rhinelander continues. Alice’s (semi-literate) letters to Leonard are read to the court to prove that she was the pursuer. He takes the stand and admits to having been a virgin before he spent a week with her at the Hotel Marie Antoinette (well before they married).

Armistice Day is celebrated at the Arc de Triumph by 6,000 members of the new Faisceau des Combattants et des Producteurs, the first French Fascist group (what took them so long?). Blue shirts. Sadly, no nation’s fascist group ever adorned themselves with red shirts. Leader Jacques Arthuys, in his speech, distinguishes French from Italian Fascism, the former being “adapted to our thoughtful and measured temperament”. Perhaps because no one really wants thoughtful and measured fascists, the group will collapse within a couple of years; Arthuys will die in a German concentration camp.

Also on Armistice Day, three girls are killed by a shell they find in a field in Ciry-Salsogne, France.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.

Today -100: November 11, 1925: Of negro blood, anti-Semitism, and radios

Headline of the Day -100:

Alice Rhinelander’s lawyer points out that after “Kip’s” father placed him at a school for “backward youths” for a year (he stuttered), he never visited him, but when the proud Huguenot name Rhinelander became associated with negroes, he jumped in with both feet to extract his son from the woman he met while at that school (well, he sent his lawyers to do that, anyway; in fact, neither he or any other member of the family will attend the trial). Ouch. Well, I’m sure this trial couldn’t get more invasive and embarrassing.

Headline of the Day -100:

So the Rhinelander case makes every single inter-racial marriage newsworthy now?

Dr. Herman Vogelstein, chief rabbi of the Breslau Synagogue, says anti-Semitism is on the decline in Germany. Phew. He blames its rise after the war on Germans looking for a scapegoat and on Jews for being too focused on Palestine. Vogelstein’s optimism will probably be dynamited, along with his synagogue, on Kristallnacht and he’ll escape to the US.

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover says he’ll stop issuing new radio station licenses, as recommended by the National Radio Conference, until new legislation is passed.

Don't see comments? Click on the post title to view or post comments.