Preachers of hate

Here’s what happened in the Mother of Parliaments yesterday:

1) David Cameron bragged about keeping “preachers of hate,” by which he meant Muslim preachers of hate, out of the UK, and spoke of the need to “drain the swamps” of “violent extremists.”

2) Meanwhile, in the House of Lords, aka the swamp of sleepy extremists, the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby was speaking forcefully against gay marriage.

Welby actually talked about “category errors” by supporters of gay marriage, who, he says, are “failing to understand that two things may be equal but different.” Wow, separate but equal.

By the way, you know how Dan Savage gave a new meaning to the word “Santorum”? Well Just In Welby already sounds kinda...

He said that gay marriage is “an awkward shape, with same-gender and different-gender categories scrunched into it, neither fitting well.” Kinky.

The other chief opponent of the same-sex marriage bill in the Lords is named Lord Dear, because of course he is.

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Today -100: June 4, 1913: Of vetoes, hostility to government, and gypsies

NY Gov. Sulzer uses his line-item veto to eliminate programs and posts favored by opponents of his plan for direct primary elections, because Bill Sulzer is all about winning friends and influencing people.

In other actions, Sulzer signs into law a bill creating a colored battalion of the National Guard in NY City, which the black community had been asking for for 20 years but which the Guard leadership opposed.

Alexander Scott, the managing editor of the socialist Passaic Weekly Issue, is found guilty by a Paterson jury of publishing an editorial advocating “hostility to government,” which was made a crime in New Jersey after the McKinley assassination. The editorial (rightly) accused the Paterson police chief of running amok during the silk strike at the behest of the owners and attacking “defenseless workers like a bunch of drunken Cossacks”. He will be sentenced to a prison term of one to fifteen years.

You know, the NYT is not what you’d call pro-IWW, but it seems to have quoted just about every word of that illegal-in-New-Jersey editorial.

An editor who does rather better for himself is Richard Metcalfe, editor of William Jennings Bryan’s Commoner, who is appointed governor of the Panama Canal Zone.

The NYT says that it’s “probably a wild generalization” that Gypsies steal children (there was a scare in Pennsylvania when a three-year-old boy briefly disappeared just after a band of gypsies was seen passing through).

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Effectively serving

John McCain on Face the Nation suggested that Eric Holder should ask himself if he is “really able to effectively” do his job, because John McCain is not big on either irony or self-awareness.

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Today -100: June 3, 1913: Of poets laureate and bigamists

Alfred Austin, the British Poet Laureate, dies. If you’ve never heard of him, it’s probably because he was kind of crap.

Headline of the Day -100: “Bigamist a Murderer.” I suspect this story is false, since I can’t find another reference to it, but here goes: a Belgian dude, Georges Brény, was told that his wife died on the Titanic, so he married another woman. Finding out that his wife had survived, he shot his second wife dead, tried to shoot himself, failed, tried to hang himself, failed.

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Today -100: June 2, 1913: Of harassment, numerous and insidious lobbies, ritual murders, and Jack the Ripper

Almost-War Headline of the Day -100: “Bulgars Harass Greeks.” Show us on the map of Salonika where Bulgaria touched you.

Elsewhere, the prime ministers of Bulgaria and Serbia meet to try to prevent a new war.

Since President Wilson claimed that there is a “numerous and insidious lobby” against tariff reduction, a sub-committee of the Senate Judiciary committee will investigate the matter, requiring every member of the Senate to answer questions under oath, to recount every conversation they had about tariffs with persons with financial interests in them, to detail any of their own financial interests that might be affected by tariffs, etc (a later article suggests that this is a scheme to get those financial details so that objections can be made to individual senators voting on particular tariffs that affect them personally, but this scheme, if it exists, is based on a misreading of Senate rules, which do not prevent such votes). It is unclear whether Wilson will testify (he won’t). The next 6 days will see much debate over the precise meaning of the words lobby and lobbyist.

The Russian Ministry of Justice plans to put a Jew on trial for ritual-murdering a Christian boy in Kiev in 1911 (I had thought this was settled when the boy’s step-father was arrested).

Sir Melville Macnaghten, retired head of Scotland Yard’s Criminal Investigation Department, says he knows who Jack the Ripper was but he won’t tell. Also, that Jack committed suicide.

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Today -100: June 1, 1913: 6¢

Theodore Roosevelt wins his libel case after a week-long trial/circus. The newspaper proprietor he was suing went on the stand and apologized, saying he only believed that TR was a drunk because so many people said he was, but he hasn’t been able to find any proof of it and so is now convinced that TR isn’t a lush after all. Roosevelt then asked to be awarded only nominal damages, which in Michigan is 6¢.

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Today -100: May 31, 1913: The Balkan War is dead, long live the Balkan War

Philippe d’Orléans, pretender to the French throne, is sued for divorce by his wife, who is the cousin of the Austrian emperor. The cause of the break is believed to be her inability to produce an heir to the lost throne, or maybe his inability to repay all the money he borrowed from her. The Duke lives in England, and recently turned down a gig as king of Albania.

The First Balkan War is over. Everyone signs a preliminary peace treaty. Second Balkan War commences in 5...4...3...

I wrote that before seeing this next story: Bulgarian troops open fire on Greeks in the Salonika area.

One Frank Diamon first confesses, then recants, to several murders, including that of Thomas Francis Meagher, the former governor of the territory of Montana who fell off a steamboat into the Missouri River in 1867, and who rumors always said was pushed. I would have ignored this minor story, but it’s a good excuse to mention Meagher, a Young Ireland leader who was sentenced to transportation for life in Tasmania after the 1848 rising against British rule, then escaped to the US and 13 years later was a freaking governor!

Headline of the Day -100: “King Leaps From Train.” King Alfonso of Spain, in an attempt to save a little girl lying on or next to the train tracks. She died. “The King was profoundly impressed, and endeavored to console the mother, who was the woman in charge of the railway crossing, and gave her a present.”

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Today -100: May 30, 1913: Of redls

Col. Alfred Redl, who had been the director of Army intelligence for Austria and a double agent for Russia, which was using his homosexuality to blackmail him, commits suicide (that is, he’s given a loaded revolver – and an operating manual for it! – and told to do the right thing, as was the custom). Among the items he passed to Russia: the German and Austrian plans for how they’d fight a war with Russia. The authorities tried to keep all this secret, and succeeded for two weeks. You may know Redl from the István Szabó movie Colonel Redl with Klaus Maria Brandauer (good but no Mephisto) or the John Osborne play A Patriot for Me (I saw it with Alan Bates as Redl, and a Vienna nightclub scene in which I was a little slow to realize all the dancers were in drag).

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Today -100: May 29, 1913: Le Massacre du printemps

Wobblies storm a meeting of non-IWW strikers (English-speaking ones) in Paterson to prevent them setting a date for a return to work.

Headline of the Day -100: “Turtle Germs Fail Again.” A doctor thought he had a cure for tuberculosis.

Headline of the Day -100, Runner Up (LA Times): “To Pit Polish Against Trash.” About a plan offered by a member of the DAR who glories in the name Miss Elizabeth J. Virtue for erudite orators of the highest education and culture to combat the soapbox speeches by IWW speakers in Seattle.

Speaking of high culture, Igor Stravinsky’s ballet Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring), choreographed by Nijinsky, premieres in Paris. Some considered it primitive and offensive; some were horrified and scandalized by the fact that the dancers toed inward instead of outward and the dancing was angular and modern and violent rather than classical and graceful. And, as was the custom in Paris, they were a bit loud about it. Carl Van Vechten, the NYT’s music critic (who was sitting with Gertrude Stein, at least at the second performance) wrote: “Cat-calls and hisses succeeded the playing of the first few bars, and then ensued a battery of screams, countered by a foil of applause. We warred over art (some of us thought it was and some thought it wasn’t)... I remember Mlle. Piltz executing her strange dance of religious hysteria on a stage dimmed by the blazing light in the auditorium, seemingly to the accompaniment of the disjointed ravings of a mob of angry men and women.” Jean Cocteau would say that the audience played “the role that was written for it.” Le Figaro, whose critic called the ballet “a laborious and puerile barbarity,” suggested on its front page a couple of days later that a treaty be negotiated with Russia: “Nijinsky would have to agree not to stage any more ballets that aspire to a level of beauty inaccessible to our feeble minds... we would continue to assure him that he is the greatest dancer in the world, the most handsome of men, and we would prove this to him. We should then be at peace.”

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Today -100: May 28, 1913: Of Teddy and booze, bullingdons, and women’s suffrage

Theodore Roosevelt testifies in his libel lawsuit against The Iron Ore newspaper, which last year printed that “Roosevelt lies, and curses in a most disgusting way, he gets drunk too, and that not infrequently, and all of his intimates know about it.” TR testifies at length about the moderation of his drinking habits, seemingly reciting every drink he’s ever taken. Want to know how often he’s had mint juleps? Teddy knows. Want to know how much booze he brought along on his expedition to Africa? Teddy knows. And thanks to a million reporters, now we all do.

The Prince of Wales’s mother lets him retain his membership in the Bullingdon Club, the Oxford dining club known for drunkenness and destruction, in 1913 just as it was when David Cameron & Boris Johnson went through their initiation ceremonies (burning a £50 note in front of a tramp), but Queen Mary says he can’t join in the rowdy “Bullingdon blinds” – again.

Wisconsin Gov. Francis McGovern vetoes a bill for a women’s suffrage referendum, saying it’s too soon after the last one.

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Today -100: May 27, 1913: Of strikes, military service, and heading into the Second Balkan War, hurrah!

Major clashes between IWW-backed silk strikers and the police in Paterson, NJ. The strikers say one of theirs was shot, but the police say they only fired into the air – a lot.

Conscripted soldiers in France are not taking well the news that their hitch has been extended from two years to three. Some mutineers have already been sent to punishment squads in Africa, while the rest of the military is confined to barracks and their letters are being censored. Protest rallies are growing.

Serbia is demanding from Bulgaria a revision of the alliance treaty by which they joined forces against Turkey. It thinks it deserves a lot more land (when doesn’t Serbia think that?). Russia is mediating between them, and between Bulgaria & Romania, but everyone (Spoiler Alert: correctly) expects a war.

There has been much discussion in the letter pages of the NYT on the causes of baldness. Too frequent haircuts? Stiff hats? Germs? One weirdo even suggested it was hereditary. Another correspondent says religious convictions are proof against going bald (something about uric acid).

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Today -100: May 26, 1913: Of discrimination, islands, cunning plans, and royal garters

The Navy has investigated claims that it discriminates against black enlisted men, and finds that nothing could be further from the truth, so that’s okay then.

Turkey has evidently ceded Cyprus to Britain.

The Italian war of conquest in Libya isn’t quite as finished as I’d thought. A large defeat is inflicted on the Italians through a ruse. The Libyans allowed an Italian prisoner to escape after priming him with false information, which Gen. Ganbretti then used in deciding to divide his forces into three columns, thinking he was facing a much smaller opposition than was the case. Each of the columns was cut off and decimated.

Headline of the Day -100: “Royal Highnesses in Souvenir Riot.” At the royal wedding of the kaiser’s kid, there’s a scrum for her garter: “Almost the entire wedding company, numbering hundreds of bejeweled ladies and gentlemen, representing the cream of the German aristocracy, engaged in a free fight for the ribbons. A survivor describes the scene as a cross between a Bank Holiday frolic on Hampstead Heath and a football riot. Many ladies emerged with faces badly scratched by the pushing and shoving of Generals and gold-laced diplomats.”

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Today -100: May 25, 1913: A mighty coquetry, a flirtation planned on a gigantic scale

The NYT Sunday Magazine section interviews Mrs. Arthur Dodge, President of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. She explains that while the British suffragists are at war with men, American suffragists are cajoling them, which “may be as dangerous as war; it tends to develop methods which may work as great destruction to society as a bomb can to a railway station or a Cabinet Minister’s residence. As a matter of fact, I cannot but believe the suffrage movement to be an attack in grim reality upon the structure of society.” The American suffrage movement is “a mighty coquetry, a flirtation planned on a gigantic scale. It is as perilous to morals as the English movement is to property.” She complains a lot about how these girls today dress. As an antidote to suffragism, she suggests supporting the Campfire Girls. She thinks women getting jobs will inevitably destroy “the sweetest attributes of motherhood” and result in children being raised in common. “No man has ever made a home. It has ever been women’s work. ... if it remains undone, what can ensue but something close related to a social reign of terror?” What indeed. She claims that women’s suffrage is associated with individualism, and later claims that it is associated with socialism.

There’s also a profile of Mary Bartelme, the head of Chicago’s Court for Delinquent Girls, who the Times says is the only woman judge in the US.

A coroner’s jury in Miami, Arizona ruled that José Perez, who was beaten to death by a mob, was killed by unknown persons. However a couple of days later two members of the jury are arrested for being part of that mob.

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Today -100: May 24, 1913: Of anti-trust laws, loans, and, let’s face it, “Cumberland” just sounds funny

The NYT is not happy that Congress attached a provision to the appropriations bill for the Justice Dept banning the (mis)use of the Sherman Anti-Trust Law to prosecute unions.

Mexican Constitutionalist leader Carranza warns European bankers against making that loan to the Huerta Junta, saying that if the Constitutionalists win, they can kiss their $100 million goodbye.

Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia, daughter of the German kaiser, is about to marry Prince Ernest August III of Cumberland, cousin of King George V, a marital alliance which will surely prevent any possibility of war between Great Britain and Germany, or at least between Prussia and Cumberland.

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But this war, like all wars, must end

Today, Barack Obama finally admitted to the use of drones, in a speech.

AND YET WE SEEM TO HAVE A NEW ONE EVERY TIME WE GET BORED: “Americans are deeply ambivalent about war...”

PRICE TAG: “...but having fought for our independence, we know that a price must be paid for freedom.” Did he just describe every war the US has ever fought, including Vietnam and Iraq and, I don’t know, Grenada, as the price of freedom?

“With the collapse of the Berlin Wall, a new dawn of democracy took hold abroad, and a decade of peace and prosperity arrived at home.” Unless you count the Gulf War. And Kosovo. I guess with so many prices paid for freedom, it’s natural he’d forget about one or two.

THAT MOMENT: 2:37 A.M., AUGUST 8, 1997: “For a moment, it seemed the 21st century would be a tranquil time.”

Then, he says dramatically, came 9/11: “This was a different kind of war. No armies came to our shores...” So it was a different kind of war from the War of 1812.

SHIFTED OUR FOCUS, WHAT A POLITE WAY OF REFERRING TO IT: “What’s clear is that we quickly drove al Qaeda out of Afghanistan, but then shifted our focus and began a new war in Iraq.”



WHAT WE MUST DEFINE: “We must define the nature and scope of this struggle, or else it will define us, mindful of James Madison’s warning that ‘No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare.’ Neither I, nor any president, can promise the total defeat of terror.” Really, because I seem to remember your illustrious predecessor doing just that.

ALWAYS WITH THE SPECIFIC METRICS, THIS GUY: “Today, the core of al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan is on a path to defeat.”

SO IT’S ALL BEEN JUST A CRAZY MISUNDERSTANDING? “Of course, this ideology is based on a lie, for the United States is not at war with Islam”.

BOUNDFUL: “Beyond Afghanistan, we must define our effort not as a boundless ‘global war on terror’ – but rather as a series of persistent, targeted efforts to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America.” So it’s not boundless, it just goes on anywhere in the world we feel like, and forever. But not, you know, boundless.

He explains that sending in troops to capture “terrorists” isn’t always convenient, or may create an international crisis, and what are we gonna do, NOT kill people every day all over the world?



HE USED THE D WORD! HE USED THE D WORD! “It is in this context that the United States has taken lethal, targeted action against al Qaeda and its associated forces, including with remotely piloted aircraft commonly referred to as drones.”

EFFECTIVE: “To begin with, our actions are effective. Don’t take my word for it. In the intelligence gathered at bin Laden’s compound, we found that he wrote, ‘we could lose the reserves to the enemy’s air strikes. We cannot fight air strikes with explosives.’” So now he’s supporting his policies by quoting military genius and master of strategy Osama bin Laden?

DOES.. NOT.. COMPUTE: “Simply put, these strikes have saved lives.”

LEGAL: “Moreover, America’s actions are legal. We were attacked on 9/11. Within a week, Congress overwhelmingly authorized the use of force. Under domestic law, and international law, the United States is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their associated forces.” Oh, piffle.

AND YET SOMEHOW WE ALWAYS WIND UP USING OUR FLYING KILLER ROBOTS INSTEAD: “our preference is always to detain, interrogate, and prosecute them”. In fact, he says that this is our “preference” no fewer than four times. It’s evidently a Platonic ideal that can never be reached in our reality.

R-E-S-P-E-C-T / FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS TO ME: “our actions are bound by consultations with partners, and respect for state sovereignty.”



REMEMBER: TERRORISTS ARE NOT INDIVIDUALS, THEY’RE LIKE BEES: “America does not take strikes to punish individuals – we act against terrorists who pose a continuing and imminent threat to the American people”.

THE HIGHEST STANDARD: “And before any strike is taken, there must be near-certainty that no civilians will be killed or injured – the highest standard we can set.” Actually, the highest standard is not using winged battledicks to kill people in the first place.

“This last point is critical, because much of the criticism about drone strikes - at home and abroad - understandably centers on reports of civilian casualties. There is a wide gap between U.S. assessments of such casualties, and non-governmental reports.” Possibly because you define anyone killed by a drone strike as a combatant.

OR MAYBE THAT’S JUST BIDEN RUNNING AROUND THE WHITE HOUSE WITH A SHEET OVER HIS HEAD GOING “WOOOOOO” AGAIN: “For me, and those in my chain of command, these deaths will haunt us as long as we live”.

Funny, Obama doesn’t seem much like someone who’s “haunted” by all the civilians he’s killed. Or even mildly irked.



TERRORISM AGAINST MUSLIM DWARFS? OH, RIGHT. “Let us remember that the terrorists we are after target civilians, and the death toll from their acts of terrorism against Muslims dwarfs any estimate of civilian casualties from drone strikes.” We kill fewer civilians than they do, so we’re the good guys, that’s your moral argument here?

But conventional air strikes are “less precise” than drones. “And invasions of these territories lead us to be viewed as occupying armies”. Yes, if your armies invade other countries, they do tend to be “viewed” as occupying armies, because they actually are occupying armies.

He talks about the dronicide of Anwar Awlaki (without mentioning the others killed because they happened to be near him). “For the record, I do not believe it would be constitutional for the government to target and kill any U.S. citizen – with a drone, or a shotgun – without due process.” I don’t understand this; is he saying there was some sort of “due process” in Awlaki’s assassination?

He goes on about what a bad dude Awlaki was – “he was continuously trying to kill people.” “And as President, I would have been derelict in my duty had I not authorized the strike that took out Awlaki.” Yeah, all those 40+ presidents who didn’t kill people with drone strikes were totally derelict in their duty.

THRESHOLD: “But the high threshold that we have set for taking lethal action applies to all potential terrorist targets, regardless of whether or not they are American citizens. This threshold respects the inherent dignity of every human life.” So the way... you decide to kill people... respects the inherent dignity... oh, I give up.

SAYS THE DUDE ORDERING DRONE STRIKES FROM HIS DEN: “Today, a person can consume hateful propaganda, commit themselves to a violent agenda, and learn how to kill without leaving their home.”

He does the Mr. Balanced thing about how he needs to stop “national security leaks” but he totally supports a free press. “I am troubled by the possibility that leak investigations may chill the investigative journalism that holds government accountable. Journalists should not be at legal risk for doing their jobs. Our focus must be on those who break the law.” Reporters should be free, but anyone who attempts to give them information should go to jail.

He looks forward to repealing the 2001 Authorization to Use Military Force you know, some day. “But this war, like all wars, must end.” Somewhere, Dick Cheney sheds a single tear.

THERE NEEDS TO BE A JUSTIFICATION BEYOND POLITICS? On Guantanamo: “there is no justification beyond politics for Congress to prevent us from closing a facility that should never have been opened.”

He admits that some Guantanamo detainees can’t be prosecuted “because the evidence against them has been compromised or is inadmissible in a court of law,” which he called “this legacy problem.” Which is as good a name as any for George W. Bush.

YES, YES IT IS, OR YOU’D HAVE ORDERED IT STOPPED: “Look at the current situation, where we are force-feeding detainees who are holding a hunger strike. Is that who we are?” I will give him credit for not using a euphemism.

NO, IF THEIR SLAVES ACTED UP, THEY’D JUST WHIP THEM: “Is that something that our Founders foresaw?”


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Today -100: May 23, 1913: Isn’t it sad when friends fall out over little things, like dividing up the spoils of their war of conquest?

Paranoia grows in Britain. Suffragettes are supposedly damaging things in the houses of rich people in the West End. “Hostesses in consequence are employing detectives to protect their homes. ... Some hostesses suspect that their servants are in the employ of the militants and are having a special watch kept upon them.”

The Greeks and Bulgarians, former allies in the First Balkan War, are fighting each other near Salonika.

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Today -100: May 22, 1913: How beggarly appears argument before defiant deed

British suffragettes blow up the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, leaving the message “How beggarly appears argument before defiant deed. Votes for women.” And if you have any information about this crime, the Observatory would like to hear from you.


French bankers loan $100 million to the Mexican coup regime (with Mexico’s customs receipts as collateral).

Headline of the Day -100: “Negro Legislators Vexed.” Cuban ones. White legislators were sent tickets to a gala opera performance for themselves and their families, black legislators for themselves alone.

The Protestant Episcopal diocese of Philadelphia planned to distribute 10,000 copies of a report by Vice Commission investigators on vice in Philly, but the chief postal inspector calls the report unprintable filth and vows to ban its distribution through the US postal service. He says it would fall into the hands of children. These days, of course, children can read the report on the web, although a quick skim suggests it’s not quite the non-stop wankfest that Inspector Cortelyou suggested.

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Today -100: May 21, 1913: Of Jews, Wobblies, blackmail, golf courses, and mock invasions

Henceforth, Jews will be admitted to Russian universities by lot rather than by ability.

The police in Paterson, NJ are arresting lots of picketers and closing the halls used by the IWW, but the big news is that one of the new IWW organizers is a negro (unlike any of the striking silk workers, evidently. Are the mills whites-only, or is it the unions? Dunno.).

Jake Dunn and Seeley Davenport are convicted for trying to extort money from Woodrow Wilson before and after his election as president (and from several other New Jerseyites, including a furniture dealer). We are not informed how much money they asked Wilson for in exchange for not murdering him.

In St. Andrews, Scotland, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club is forming a Vigilance Committee and organizing volunteers to patrol golf greens night and day to keep out suffragettes who might damage them ahead of the world amateur golf championship.

Headline of the Day -100: “Ad Men Dress as Japs.” The LA Times reports: “Delegates to the convention of the Pacific Coast Advertising Men’s Association arrayed themselves in Japanese apparel today and invaded the office of Gov. Johnson, who on Monday affixed his signature to the anti-alien land bill. The mock invasion brought the Governor to the corridor, where he extended a greeting to the visitors.”

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Today -100: May 20, 1913: Yet, he meant to say yet.

California Gov. Hiram Johnson signs the Alien Land Bill into racist law.

Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt says “We are not mobilizing our ships to fight Japan.” Phew.

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Today -100: May 19, 1913: The flag is not good to eat

Speaking to the Washington Peace Society, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan gives a fiery speech denouncing “subsidized patriotism which seeks to create war because of the profits in armorplate and battleships”. “War is in the interest of a few people, not of all. ... War rests upon feeling, not upon necessity.” “While sensational newspapers are trying to cultivate a feeling that will produce war, it is the business of the right-thinking people of this country to create a feeling that will not tolerate the idea of war.”

An IWW meeting is held in Paterson, NJ, preparatory to tomorrow’s riots. Some quotes from speeches: “The American flag is pretty to look at. Its colors are very striking... but it is not good to eat.” “America is a country of great resources, but it is in hock, and the pawnbrokers are the international firm of Rockefeller & Morgan.” (Those from Frederick Mohl). “The Paterson silk mills are slaughterhouses, where your blood is used to dye the silk that decorates the backs of the aristocratic women of the United States.” (Patrick Quinlan, who is awaiting sentencing.) “If you all stand together it will be the police who will go to jail and you will get your liberty.” (Unattributed). Upton Sinclair was one of the speakers.

NY Gov. Sulzer begins a tour to push for his direct primaries bill.

D.J. Crockett, grandson of Davy, Davy Crockett, king of the wild frontier, is sentenced to death by a court-martial in Mexico, I have no idea for what, but escapes over the border with two other condemned Americans. It is thought they were allowed to escape to prevent tensions with the US government.

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