Today -100: August 21, 1916: Of angells, duffs, snubs, Persia’s fate, and self-appointed amateur censors

Germany spreads a rumor that pacifist author Norman Angell (“The Great Illusion”) has been imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted. Not true; Angell is too old to be conscripted. He is a member of the Union of Democratic Control and at a meeting next January will call conscription “the greatest form of slavery; no slave in a plantation is told to kill.”

Gen. Sir Beauchamp Duff, he of the majestically silly name, is recalled to the UK to testify about the botched Mesopotamia (Iraq) operations, and is relieved of his post as Commander-in-Chief, India. A year and a half from now the disgraced Duff will commit suicide.

Charles Evans Hughes, campaigning in Long Beach, California, is briefly in a hotel at the same time as Gov. Hiram Johnson, but the two do not meet. Hughes will later attribute his snubbing of the Progressive governor as leading to his loss of California and thus the election.

Headline of the Day -100:

The Society for the Suppression of Vice is currently attempting to suppress Theodore Dreiser’s novel The Genius (1915), because sex. The Post Office has temporarily banned it being sent through the mails. Dreiser thinks the US needs to appoint an official censor to “do away with self-appointed amateur censors” (this fuss was stirred up in Cincinnati). “If we established an official censor we would at leave have an opportunity to determine in some degree his education and qualifications.”

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Today -100: August 20, 1916: Let us have done with war now and forever

The 31 heads of railroad companies who Wilson called to the White House all reject his plan to prevent a strike, which has been accepted by the unions.

In San Francisco, Charles Evans Hughes has lunch at the Commercial Club, which is currently fighting unionization attempts by its waiters, so he was served by scabs. He also said he wouldn’t take sides in “local” disputes between the Progressives and Republicans and Gov. Hiram Johnson.

British Minister of War David Lloyd George says “I feel for the first time in two years that the nippers are gripping and before long we will hear the crack. Then we will be able to extract the kernel.” It’s a metaphor of, er, some sort. He says this war means there won’t be another one in our day (he will die in 1945). “[W]e must have an unmistakable and unchallengeable victory that cannot be explained away by German professors to credulous people. ... Let us have done with war now and forever.”

The French public are discussing whether one of the changes brought by the war will be the end of dowries.

There are (false) reports that in Hungary, Austria, Germany and France, substantially more boys are now being born than girls. So worries about sex imbalances after the war are misguided.

Gen. Erich Ludendorff is appointed chief executive officer (Generalquartiermeister) of the German Army.

Columbia University tells landlords who rent apartments to female Columbia students that they should set aside a room for them to receive (male) visitors, as they shouldn’t be allowed to do so in their bedrooms and shouldn’t have to resort to parks. “You should not permit them to do the things you would not let your servants do.”

I was just thinking it had been a while since a lynching was reported, at least in the NYT. Five negroes are lynched in Newberry, Florida for supposedly aiding the escape of one Boisey Long, who killed a constable and shot a pharmacist who came to arrest him for stealing hogs along with the Dennis family (3 of the lynched). Another Dennis is shot dead by deputy sheriffs while “resisting arrest.” Two of the lynched were women, one of them reportedly pregnant. Long will be caught, tried, and hanged. When this Gainesville Sun article about the lynchings was being researched in 2005, members of the Dennis family still feared for their safety if they spoke about the incident.

New York City polio death toll = 1,597.

Belgium may have made no progress in liberating itself from German occupation, but its troops are helping the British conquer German East Africa.

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Today -100: August 19, 1916: I’ve been working on the railroad, one-third of a live-long day

British Prime Minister Asquith has come round to the idea of women’s suffrage. In other words, the war has allowed him to back down by claiming he’s just rewarding women for their war work. However, there are no plans to hold an election during the war or to deal with the complicated issue of liberalizing the franchise and revamping the voter registration system, but when they get around to it, Asquith says, they’ll do something about women.

The railroad unions have accepted Woodrow Wilson’s proposal (they get the 8-hour day but no overtime), but the owners have not. Nor have they rejected it. Wilson tells them that a national railroad strike would incline the country towards government takeover of the rail lines. Not that HE supports that, mind you, he’s just sayin’.

Headline of the Day -100:

Pres. Wilson vetoes the Army appropriation bill over a clause exempting retired officers from courts-martial.

Authorities in Biwabik, Minnesota accuse the International Workers of the World of a couple of bombings of homes where miners who refused to go on strike lived. No one is hurt.

Portugal has supposedly been at war with Germany since March. Now it says it will get around to sending some actual soldiers. Soon.

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Today -100: August 18, 1916: Don’t be disturbed. We will not declare war over this

Facing stonewalling from railroad company managers, Pres. Wilson tells their bosses, the company presidents, to show up at the White House. The companies are making a big deal about supporting arbitration as a matter of principle (meaning they really don’t like strikes).

A customs officer in Honolulu beats up an Asian man, thinking he is Japanese, as was the custom. He turns out (the Asian man, not the customs officer) to be Prince Mahidol of Siam. Brother of the king (to be fair, the King of Siam had 32 brothers) (and 44 sisters). The prince reassures us, “But don’t be disturbed. We will not declare war over this.”

Mexico decrees that foreign individuals and companies who want to buy public lands, water rights, timber rights, etc., must renounce the protection of their home governments and have only the same rights and privileges in Mexico as Mexicans. The US will respond that an American citizen can’t renounce his treaty rights or the “protection” of the US government.

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Today -100: August 17, 1916: Too much is not expected of him

The Allies are firing more than a million shells a day on the Somme, a river that never did anything to them.

The German Army is reducing the meat ration for soldiers, even on the front lines. And there will be one day a week without any meat at all. No fish either. Or cheese.

The railroad companies say the 8-hour day demanded by the unions is a matter of suicide or murder – suicide if they give in, murder if Pres. Wilson forces it on them.

A French soldier is being court-martialed for resisting the commands of a superior officer. What the French are finding interesting about the case is that the officer was a doctor who wanted to subject him to what sounds like a crackpot electrical treatment for his deviated spine. Are soldiers allowed to refuse treatment when it comes in the form of an order?

Headline of the Day -100:

And missed a perfect opportunity to settle this whole mess with a few rounds of Rock Paper Scissors.

Sigo Myers, president of the National Bank of Savannah, complains in a letter to the NYT about labor agents who come to the South to lure away negro workers with offers of (gasp) higher wages than they can get picking cotton. “The higher rate of wages offered temporarily for these negroes causes discontent among the remaining, who are generally ignorant of conditions elsewhere and do not realize that these higher wages are but a passing phase of labor shortage”. The North will regret importing negroes because they aren’t accustomed to the Northern climate and are “constitutionally careless in their habits”. The negro is simply better off in the South: “He is better understood there, more consideration is shown for his weaknesses, too much is not expected of him”.

Fog of War (Rumors, Propaganda and Just Plain Bullshit) of the Day -100: A Romanian newspaper says that Germany has offered Romania part of Austria if it remains neutral.

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Today -100: August 16, 1916: Of Huns and barbarians

Pres. Wilson proposes the railroad situation be resolved by the employers granting an 8-hour day and the unions dropping demands for overtime pay.

Germany says it will no longer try to avoid killing civilians when bombing Britain from zeppelins. It says this is totally justified as a response to two incidents last year when the HMS Baralong sank u-boats (which were attacking other British ships) and then shot the survivors in the first incident, and possibly ran down a lifeboat in the second.

The Germans are not happy about being called “Huns” and barbarians.

Headline of the Day -100:

A biologist and member of the Prussian Diet.

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Today -100: August 15, 1916: Of strikes, milk, and flags

Woodrow Wilson spends the day trying to avert a national railroad strike. The workers want an 8-hour day and overtime pay. A strike would imperil munitions shipments to Europe and milk trains for New York City babies. Won’t someone think of the babies – the thirsty, thirsty babies?

In Spokane, Charles Evans Hughes holds a women-only meeting.

The American Flag Day Association complains about Hughes using images of the American flag on his posters. “Action will be taken against campaign managers and publishers if not stopped at once.”

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Today -100: August 14, 1916: Of commissions, encouraging tours, and serums, sera, screw it, serums

Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward White tells Justice Brandeis not to serve on the Mexican-American commission as Pres. Wilson wants. Although justices have often served on commissions in the past, White thinks this is inappropriate and anyway no one asked him to do it.

Headline of the Day -100:

New York City polio death toll = 1,393. But Dr. Abraham Zingher is busily at work taking blood from polio survivors to create a (completely useless) serum.

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Today -100: August 13, 1916: When Germans are outlawed, only outlaws will be Germans

25,000 more National Guards are ordered to the Mexican border. Not sure why.

Headline of the Day -100:

Henry Ford is working on plans to sell his cars through garages, reducing costs so that he can price cars for as little as $250. He hopes to manufacture 1 million cars next year. (This article is right above an ad for the Cole 8 – “swift as a swallow – and as silent” – for $1,595.)

When it was thought that the US would occupy Juarez, Carranza officials handed out rifles to Juarezihoovians. Now they’ve demanded their return, threatening those who fail to comply with execution.

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Today -100: August 12, 1916: Of burials, dead students, and censorship

Headline of the Day -100:

The National Woman’s Party will work in the 12 suffrage states to defeat Woodrow Wilson in November because he opposes the Susan B. Anthony Amendment.

Of the 38,160 German university students who were in the army last winter, 3,650 are now dead. On the plus side, there are more female university students now.

The US State Department passes on to the British Foreign Office the complaints of American reporters in Germany that their reports home, which go through London, are being censored. Lord Robert Cecil responds that the censorship is perfectly justified because “often things appear in these dispatches that are apt to create a false impression, and we take the liberty, for military reasons, of stopping them going through.” Military reasons, huh? It’s rare for someone to admit that censorship is not just about keeping information from the enemy (which is obviously not the case for information coming from the enemy), but to massage and shape the news. Anyway, another official says, German reports keep exaggerating Allied losses on the Somme, and it would be tedious to have to keep issuing corrections.

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Today -100: August 11, 1916: Death in Venice

Austria bombs Venice, because they’re philistines.

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Today -100: August 10, 1916: Of red crosses, polio, suspicious Norwegians, and censors

Germany says it will retaliate against British interference with supplies shipped from the US to the German Red Cross by seizing Red Cross supplies at sea. Swell.

New York City polio death toll = 1,260. The 1916-17 public school year, due to start on September 11, will be postponed.

Jersey City police arrest two Norwegians for being “suspicious persons,” which is evidently a crime in New Jersey, where if somebody isn’t a suspicious person that’s pretty suspicious. I’m guessing these are the two “Austro-Hungarians” they were talking about a couple of days ago. The police search their rooms and find drawings of a submarine, marked as accepted by the Chief of the Submarine Department, which doesn’t exist, so I gather they’re gullible would-be spies and someone sold them fake plans.

The British have loosened military censorship since the start of the Battle of the Somme. Including pictures.

There is increasing agitation in Denmark against the sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States. On general principles and because it was for so little money (although some in the US are grumbling that the islands are costing five times as much per acre as the Panama Canal territory.

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Today -100: August 9, 1916: The men who do these stunts are not the kind who are too proud to fight

Germany claims there was a major food riot in Petrograd last month in which 28 people were killed. Possible.

Theodore Roosevelt adds his support to the federal women’s suffrage constitutional amendment. So does Hughes’s wife Antoinette, who doesn’t really help the cause by saying that she has plenty of views but doesn’t like to talk about them and anyway “I accept Mr. Hughes’s opinion as my own.”

Hughes expresses those opinions in a speech in which he says he’d “stop this pork business” and fill his administration with people chosen for their competence even if not giving out spoils hurts him politically (he’s made untrue charges in recent days that Wilson forced out the director of the census and the superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey to replace them with spoilsmen) (I know; exciting election stuff, huh? Still, for one shining moment the career path of one Otto Hilgard Tittmann became a national political issue, so there’s that.) He also slips in a reference to brothels, which I was not expecting: “You couldn’t get a protective measure [tariff] out of a Democrat Congress sectionally organized any more than you could get a revival meeting out of a disorderly house.”

We’ve previously come across Miroslav Sichynsky, a Ukrainian/Ruthenian who assassinated the Austrian governor of Galicia, Count Potocki, in 1908, escaped prison and lived for a while under an assumed name in the US. The US decided last year not to deport him, ruling that the assassination was a political crime rather than a criminal one. Now he’s suing French-Ukrainian writer George Raffalovich (aka Bedwin Sands) for libel for calling him a murderer, when he is clearly an assassin, and to call him a murderer implies moral turpitude. Sichynsky’s lawyer says a US jury can now decide for the first time whether assassination is murder. I have no idea what happened to this lawsuit.

Headline of the Day -100:

Theodore Roosevelt attending a cowboy show at Sheepshead Bay, of which he says “It will make people better Americans to see it. The men who do these stunts are not the kind who are too proud to fight.” But “I don’t think it’s right for the girls to ride those horses. It makes me feel uncomfortable and a little bit aroused.” I may have added the last five words.

The Senate passes the child labor bill, 52-12. 10 of the 12 were Southern Democrats.

A Mrs. Johanna Thompson of East Orange, New Jersey, who feared being buried alive, made provision in her will that someone lift the lid on her coffin every day for 40 days after her death. Which was in April. She’s still dead. Actually, it would violate health laws to open the lid, but the designated coffin-peeper did look at the outside of the casket every day and collected $200 for the service.

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Today -100: August 8, 1916: Beware of well-dressed Austro-Hungarians

Police now think that the fire that set off the high explosives on those barges that blew out windows all over Manhattan on the 30th was set on purpose by two “well-dressed Austro-Hungarians.”

Sen. Lee Overman (D-North Carolina) argues against the proposed anti-child labor bill, saying that states which don’t regulate child labor at all, like North Carolina, have much better behaved children.

The National Council of French Socialists votes to sever relations with German socialists.

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Today -100: August 7, 1916: Of lords-lieutenantses and progressives

Since Lloyd George’s Home Rule plan seems to have collapsed, in part because he gave different versions of it to each side, Asquith reappoints Baron Wimborne as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, an antiquated post that was supposed to be abolished.

The Democrats claim that many Progressives, especially on the West Coast, will be supporting Woodrow Wilson in November.

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Today -100: August 6, 1916: Of polio and weather

NYC Health Commissioner Haven Emerson complained that no doctors had responded to his urgent appeal for volunteers to help with the polio outbreak, but Dr. Rebecca Teichman says that she tried and was told there was “no room” for women doctors.

There have been an unusual number of storms in the Atlantic and the English Channel and Mediterranean this summer, indeed the weather has been bad all over Europe, and captains and officers of liners making the crossing think they know why: it’s all the artillery being fired across Europe. That’s just science.

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Today -100: August 5, 1916: Of fines, scythes, polio, and guardsmen

Brussels refuses to pay the 5 million mark fine imposed by the occupation authority after Brusselites celebrated the Belgian national holiday. The acting burgomaster says that patriotic sentiment is not illegal.

Kaiser Wilhelm does a photo op (I’m not going to bother looking for the photos) of himself helping reap the harvest, “wielding a scythe in the rye fields with the muscular expertness of a peasant.” Willy had only one working arm, so I call bullshit. The food dictator, Adolf Tortilowitz von Batocki-Friebe, says the crisis is over and cities are actually complaining that they’re receiving way more potatoes than they can actually eat. Again I call bullshit: Germans can eat a lot of potatoes. I mean A LOT of potatoes. I mean ALL the potatoes.

The New York City polio death toll breaks 1,000.

Alexander Emerson of Boston, a member of the Massachusetts militia, refused to take the oath of the National Guard when the state militias were federalized for the Mexican emergency, and was jailed. A judge says he was within his rights and orders him released.

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Today -100: August 4, 1916: Of hangings, progressives, busts, and zeppelins

Roger Casement’s last words: I die for my country. Not very original. He converted to Catholicism in prison. The government is now claiming to have evidence, which conveniently came too late to be introduced at Casement’s trial, that he had arranged with Germany to use the Irish POWs he recruited against the British Army in Egypt.

Progressive Party leaders meet and decide not to recall their convention to name a new presidential candidate to replace Roosevelt, who declined the nomination of the last one. Instead they’ll, if I understand this correctly, run John Parker for vice president in 9 states with no presidential candidate in the hopes that he’ll get enough electoral votes to have leverage if the election is really close. The conference decides against expelling the party National Committee members who have endorsed Charles Evans Hughes.

Austrians (and Hungarians) are not pleased by the appointment by Germany of Paul von Hindenburg as commander of the eastern front. He sets to work replacing Austrian generals with German ones.

The German occupation authority in Belgium fines a Brussels committee which put on a sculpture exhibit at which spectators so objected to a bust of Kaiser Wilhelm that it had to be removed.

Zeppelins returning from bombing England now routinely violate the airspace of neutral Netherlands, which is not happy about it.

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Today -100: August 3, 1916: Of golf and polio, hangings, and peace meetings

New York City polio death toll = 937. But now, polio has GONE TOO FAR.

Roger Casement is hanged. The British are now claiming as a reason his death sentence wasn’t commuted that when he was recruiting among Irish POWs, some of those who didn’t cooperate were mistreated by their German guards and two were killed. The timing of this story is kind of suspicious, the public version of the sliming of his reputation based on his sex life that they’ve been doing behind the scenes.

Headline of the Day -100:

That word, “peace,” I do not think it means what you think it means.

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Today -100: August 2, 1916: Has it really been two years already?

The Great War is entering its Terrible Twos. Kaiser Wilhelm says the second year of the war was a year of glory for Germany, just like the first year, and every year. “Like the memory of our dead heroes,” he informs all the prospective dead heroes, “your fame also will endure through all time.” French President Raymond Poincaré says “The nations who have let loose that stupendous catastrophe have not yet completely expiated their act. But justice is on the way.” British War Secretary David Lloyd George says “we are forcing [the enemy] to evacuate step by step the countries he has profaned and ravaged.” Gen. Douglas Haig says “This third year of the war will bring the deserved punishment to Germany.”

The commercial submarine Deutschland leaves port in Baltimore with a cargo of rubber, nickel and maybe gold, making a break for the high seas.

Charles Evans Hughes does support the federal women’s suffrage amendment after all, though he carefully notes that this is his personal view, not the Republican Party’s. It’s just the most efficient way to remove the subject from political discussion and get back to ignoring women.

New York City polio death toll = 896. 55 yesterday. Health Commissioner Haven Emerson appeals to the public for $15,000 for braces and leg supports for the newly crippled (the equipment costs an average of $15). They’re expecting 2,000 children with some degree of paralysis.

Headline of the Day -100:

No, no it’s rock, paper, SCISSORS.

The Senate fails to impose prohibition on the District of Columbia.

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Today -100: August 1, 1916: America first and America efficient

Charles Evans Hughes finally makes his acceptance speech for the Republican nomination for president, in Carnegie Hall (I guess it’s so late because he’s been practicing). Evidently he’s in favor of Americanism, which he defines as an undivided love of country and a goal of “America first and America efficient,” whatever that might mean. Much of the speech is devoted to criticizing Wilson’s Mexican policies, which he thinks went wrong when Wilson failed to recognize coup leader/murderer Huerta. He seems to want to make attacks on Wilson about Mexico a major part of his campaign without saying much about what he would do. The foreign policy stuff could have been ghost-written by Roosevelt: “I stand for the unflinching maintenance of American rights on land and sea” etc. (Complete text).

Tacked on at the end, Hughes says he supports women’s suffrage (but does not explicitly support a federal constitutional amendment) (or indeed oppose one). He doesn’t actually say he thinks it’s a good idea. Rather, he says it’s inevitable, so the pragmatic course is just to get it over with: “Opposition may delay, but in my judgment cannot defeat, this movement. Nor can I see any advantages in the delay which can possibly offset the disadvantages which are necessarily incident to the continued agitation. Facts should be squarely met. We shall have a constantly intensified effort and a distinctly feminist movement constantly perfecting its organization to the subversion of normal political issues. We shall have a struggle increasing in bitterness, which I believe to be inimical to our welfare.”

“Subversion of normal political issues”!

Forest fires in Ontario, Canada wipe out Matheson and other nearby towns. More than 200 are killed. This is why you shouldn’t set fires to clear land.

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Today -100: July 31, 1916: Are you a victim to optimism?

King Christian of Denmark thanks two schoolboys who saved him from drowning when his sailboat capsized. How do you reward schoolboys (whose age is not given)? Cigarette cases, of course.

Headline That Sounds Dirty But Isn’t of the Day -100:

The US sends Britain a note of protest over its blacklisting of some US companies under the Trading with the Enemy Act, which the note says is “inevitably and essentially inconsistent with the rights of the citizens of all nations not involved in the war.” Indeed, it is “inconsistent with that true justice, sincere amity, and impartial fairness which should characterize the dealing of friendly Governments with one another.”

DuPont is refusing to take any blame for the massive explosions yesterday, saying that once the munitions leave their factory, they’re someone else’s responsibility.

A new issue of the trench newspaper The Wipers Times (this issue called The Somme-Times) is out.

There was a young girl of the Somme,
 Who sat on a number five bomb,
   She thought ‘twas a dud ‘un,
 But it went off sudden–
 Her exit she made with aplomb!

---

To Minnie [As in the “moaning minnie,” the German trench mortars, Minenwerfer]

In days gone by some aeons ago
That name my youthful pulses stirred,
I thrilled whe’er she whispered low
Ran to her when her voice I heard.

Ah Minnie! how our feelings change,
For now I hear your voice with dread,
And hasten to get out of range
Ere you me on the landscape spread.

Your lightest whisper makes me thrill,
Your presence makes me hide my head,
Your voice can make me hasten still–
But ‘tis away from you instead.

You fickle jade! you traitorous minx!
We once exchanged love’s old sweet tales
Now where effulgent star-shell winks
Your raucous screech my ear assails.

No place is sacred, I declare,
Your manners most immodest are,
You force your blatant presence where
Maidens should be particular.

You uninvited do intrude,
You force an entrance to my couch,
Though if I’ve warning you’re about
I’ll not be there, for that I’ll vouch.

Name once most loved of all your sex,
Now hated with a loathing great,
When next my harassed soul you vex
You’ll get some back at any rate.

---

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Today -100: July 30, 1916: Of barge bangs, streetcar strikes, and wooden legs

Barges filled with high explosives blow up in New York Harbor in a series of explosions, probably started by a fire, in the middle of the night. They’re heard throughout much of the city and New Jersey and made more audible to many by the sudden absence of windows, thousands of them (the New York Plate Glass Insurance Company is fuuuuucked.) There’s also a lot of damage on Ellis Island.

In a street-car strike in Manhattan, thousands of strikers and others just enjoying a nice Saturday afternoon, attacking cars on the 3rd Avenue line and fighting cops, as was the custom.

There’s also a garment workers’ strike in the city. 200 Wobblies attack the offices of an Italian-language newspaper, Il Progresso Italo-Americano, which refused to give them space to call for the release of Carlo Tresca and other Wobblies charged with murder in Minnesota (Tresca, at least, will be released after being held 9 months without trial).

Frank Doring, an employee of an artificial limb factory in Massachusetts, was detained by British authorities whilst en route to France to establish a factory to manufacture wooden legs for wounded soldiers, when they discovered that he has German parents. They held him several weeks as a suspected spy before deporting him back to the US, where he commits suicide to draw attention to Britain being mean to him.

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Today -100: July 29, 1916: Of fryatts, morgans, clemencies, and opium

Germany executes Charles Algernon Fryatt, a ferry captain for the British Great Eastern Railway. In March 1915 he attempted to ram a u-boat with his ferry. Last month the ferry was captured and Fryatt court-martialed by a German naval court (which they say they can do, rather than treat him as a prisoner of war, because he is not a member of the British military, even though at the time u-boats were attacking merchant ships without warning). Although Fryatt had destroyed his ship’s papers as it was being captured, he had gold watches he’d been given for that incident and an earlier one when he’d out-run a u-boat, and the watches were inscribed with the details.

France complains that 25,000 French people in German-occupied northern France, including girls as young as 16, have been forcibly transported to other regions to work in the fields.

The transfer tax appraisal of J.P. Morgan, who died in 1913, is filed, and the NYT helpfully lists everything he owned and its value ($78 million total).

The US Senate passes a resolution calling for clemency by the British government for Irish political prisoners, i.e., not to execute Roger Casement. The State Department mysteriously takes four days to pass it along to the British government, presenting it one hour after Casement’s execution.

All lawsuits resulting from the sinking of the Titanic in US courts are settled, for $665,000.

Britain bans imports of cocaine and opium.

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Today -100: July 28, 1916: Rasputin lives!

I hadn’t noticed that the May 12th story that Rasputin had been assassinated had not been corrected. It is now. The Russian newspapers that reported it have been fined.

Samuel Gompers claims that the American Federation of Labor’s influence is what prevented US war with Mexico.

The San Francisco police arrest 6 in the bomb attack on the preparedness parade. If they’ve got the right people, it had nothing to do with preparedness but was intended to kill street car union leaders who had resisted calls for a strike.

When New York City teachers are absent, their pay is deposited in the pension fund. If they have a legitimate excuse, like illness or a death in the family, it’s supposed to be paid back to them. But for the last two years, the Board of Superintendents has failed to do that, because they decided that the pension fund needed the money.

Germany, eager to counter the reaction to its execution of Nurse Edith Cavell, points to a French military court condemning a woman to death as a spy, the infelicitously named Felice Pfaat. I haven’t been able to find any details of her alleged crimes, but she will be executed next month.

There’s a gun battle in North Dakota between IWW members and non-members. Something about harvest work.

There were 2,445,664 registered automobiles and other motorized vehicles in the US in 1915, one for every 44 people. Iowa had the most, proportionately, at 1 per 16, Alabama the least at 1 per 200.

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Today -100: July 27, 1916: You bet your life I am

Charles Evans Hughes, asked if he favored preparedness, says “You bet your life I am,” scandalizing the NYT with his use of slang.

The Morning Post (London) endorses what it claims was the plan of the late Lord Kitchener to ban Germans from immigrating to Britain, naturalizing, or even becoming a shareholder of a British company for 21 years after the end of the war.

Evidently when Britain abolished public executions (1868), it only did so for murderers. So Sir Roger Casement’s execution might be legally required to be public.

The Irish Nationalists send a deputation to Asquith asking for Casement to be reprieved headed by someone named Arthur Lynch (MP for West Clare).

Actually, his name aside, Lynch is kind of perfect for this. He fought in the Boer War. On the Boer side. It was right after that that he was elected to Parliament. When he returned to the UK to take his seat, he was arrested, tried for treason, and sentenced to death. A year later he was let out of prison, then pardoned, then re-elected. During World War I, he raised an Irish battalion just as he had during the Boer War, although this time on the British side, and was made a colonel, the same rank the Boers gave him.

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Today -100: July 26, 1916: It is your especial privilege to fight against the English

Kaiser Wilhelm goes to the Somme front and tells soldiers “It is your especial privilege to fight against the English,” who “led us to believe they were our friends when they were actually plotting our destruction.” And while he’s there...

Although I’m not sure that calling for victory following “continuance of the struggle until Germany’s enemies are conquered” really counts as a “peace sermon.”

The Germans fine the city of Brussels 5 million marks for celebrating the Belgian national festival.

New York City skyscrapers will henceforth be restricted in height to 2½ times the width of their frontage.

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Today -100: July 25, 1916: Go and win her if you can

The US will buy the Danish West Indies for $25 million. In gold. Denmark, which acquired them in the 17th and 18th centuries, figures they just aren’t as much fun (or as profitable) since the slave trade ended. The US will rename them the US Virgin Islands. The US wants them because they’re close to the approach to the Panama Canal. No one asks the 27,000 inhabitants of the islands.

San Francisco District Attorney Charles Flickert says the bomb at the preparedness parade was placed by people (not that he knows who they are) who are part of a nation-wide movement against all organized government.

Sir Roger Casement’s appeal against his death sentence is refused. Pope Benedict asks for clemency for him.

After Irish Nationalists reluctantly accepted Lloyd George’s home rule plan, the government made a few little changes: making the exclusion of the 6 Ulster counties permanent, throwing Irish MPs out of the Imperial Parliament, that sort of thing. Irish Nationalist leader John Redmond objects in Parliament and Prime Minister Asquith threatens to resign and call a general election. That’s a direct threat to Redmond’s power, since his party would do badly at any election, but his MPs would likely be replaced by much less compromised and compromising ones who would be harder for Asquith to negotiate with, so it’s not much of a threat. And there are technical and legal reasons why an election would be difficult to carry out in wartime. Sir Edward Carson says the exclusion of Ulster isn’t that big a deal: “Then go and win her if you can. She can be won by good government.”

New York polio death count: 609. The feds have stepped in. New York City children will not be allowed to leave the state without city and federal certificates of health. Not that towns and cities will necessarily allow them in even if they escape the Big Apple.

We’re hearing now that a month ago a French pilot, Lt. Anselme Marchal, attempted to fly from France to Russia, with a mission to drop leaflets on Berlin. The NYT doesn’t give the whole text, something about the causes of the war and why the Allies are totally gonna win it, but it begins by saying, Hey we could have dropped bombs instead, aren’t you glad it’s just a leaflet. Marchal flew 800 miles, a record for non-stop flight, before he was forced by spark-plug failure to land in Austria-occupied Poland where he was captured. He will escape (on his fourth attempt) in February 1918.

I didn’t mention the Shark Week stories filling the NYT last week, but there were lots of shark sightings off Coney Island, Oyster Bay, and elsewhere. A letter in the NYT signed “Nativist” blames... the Germans. It seems the u-boats sinking all those ships have given sharks a taste for human flesh.

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Today -100: July 24, 1916: Of supreme moral authority and secret bombs

The Vatican says that it is not neutral in the European war, it is impartial. Which is evidently better because neutrality is passive while impartiality “comprises constant manifestations of the most ardent affection by the Pontiff toward all his children, indiscriminately, but in a most impartial manner.” So given that impartiality he can’t be expected to criticize any given act of violence or cruelty because he might be basing it on partial information, and he needs to keep his supreme moral authority “intact,” just in case he ever needs it for something important.

There’s talk in Germany that they’ve developed a new secret bomb that can destroy London.

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Today -100: July 23, 1916: Boy, they weren’t prepared for that

A bomb explodes at a preparedness parade in San Francisco, killing 6, including a Civil War vet. There was a warning sent to newspapers. Emma Goldman, in town lecturing, denies it was the anarchists. The SF district attorney will frame a couple of innocent radicals for it, as was the custom.

A “Women’s War Procession” in London features women in the uniforms of their new jobs substituting for men. It’s organized by the remnants of the Women’s Social and Political Union. The Daily Chronicle suggests, probably with good reason, that the government funded the parade. There are also banners calling for Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes to be appointed to the War Council. Hughes was recently in Britain on a visit and his blunt Aussie-style talk about the war impressed Christabel Pankhurst and a lot of others.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sazanov is forced out. Sorry, he “retired... at his own request.” He made the mistake of proposing to offer Poland autonomy after the war (a Poland reuniting the parts Prussia, Russia and Austria divided amongst themselves in the 18th century).

One item that will be making the submarine Deutschland’s perilous return voyage of to Germany: a copy of Dr. Louis Dechmann’s
book The Dechmann Law of the Determination of Sex at Will, which he is sending to Kaiser Wilhelm. Dechmann breeds poultry including six-toed chickens, based on the “law of latent reserve energy,” because science.

Sweden says it will attack any submarine using its waters, and bans planes over-flying it.

Polio death count, New York City: 555. The towns and cities now banning New Yorkers are ignoring their Health Department certificates.

Seems like only a day (and 100 years) ago that former NY Governor William Sulzer was saying that he hadn’t even wanted the Prohibition Party nomination for president that they didn’t give him. And so it was. Now he accepts the nomination of the American Party.

Alice Paul announces that her Woman’s Party will campaign against anti-suffragists in the 12 states with women’s suffrage.

The NYT Sunday Magazine has an article by William Burns of the Burns Detective Agency on the “big American crime”: blackmail.  Especially in New York.

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Today -100: July 22, 1916: Of sneaky Germans, hospital ships, ferrises, and enemy aliens

William Watson Rutherford, the Tory MP for Liverpool, questions the home secretary about Germans buying properties in Britain and installing emplacements for heavy guns aimed at railway lines and such, which they’re totally doing.

Russia says that since Turkey sunk a couple of Russian hospital ships, it is now free to likewise violate the Hague convention and attack Turkish hospital ships.

The Prohibition Party nominates Frank Hanly, former Republican governor of Indiana, for president, with Rev. Ira Landrith as his running mate. Hanly beats out former (impeached and removed from office) NY Governor William Sulzer. Sulzer says he’s not disappointed because he wasn’t really a candidate for the nomination. The party platform opposes war with Mexico.

Woodbridge Nathan Ferris (D) announces that he won’t run for re-election as governor of Michigan, despite having the best name of any of the 48 governors. He will be succeed by Albert Sleeper (R), who has... a name.

Italy will henceforth treat Germans in its borders as enemy aliens subject to internment and the seizure of their property even though Italy is not actually at war with Germany.

Republicans in the House introduce a resolution asking Pres. Wilson why he’s keeping militia on the Mexican border if the emergency is over and it is so fucking hot down there.

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Today -100: July 21, 1916: Of ragamuffin mutinies and flemings

Headline of the Day -100:

Having not been properly equipped, members of the NY State Militia appear at war games in their underclothes and/or shoeless, and refuse to move out of sight of the governor. It turns out that there were uniforms in storage, but they weren’t being distributed until units were ordered to the Mexican border.

The Flemish People’s Party demands a division of Belgium into a Flemish and a Walloon state. Germany is rather transparently trying the divide-and-conquer thing.

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Today -100: July 20, 1916: Who’s better for the Jews?

The US is not happy about the British blacklisting of certain US companies, branches of companies, and individuals. It may respond by prosecuting under anti-trust laws any US shipping companies that refuse to carry goods from blacklisted companies. The US considers the blacklist an interference with its rights, as for example when US ships doing business with South America are refused coal in British ports like Jamaica if they carry goods from blacklisted companies.

Germany’s Imperial Vice Chancellor and Secretary of the Interior Karl Helfferich says that when Germany occupied part of Poland (since retaken by Russia), it was much nicer to the Poles than the Russians ever were, including the Polish Jews. And introduced hygiene, as was the German custom.

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Today -100: July 19, 1916: Of child labor, nations and God, moral turpitude, and shells

Woodrow Wilson is lobbying Congress for a child labor law, even though work on it might extend the current session and he’s said he won’t campaign until Congress adjourns. The bill would ban shipment across state lines of goods produced by child labor. Southern Democrats are strongly opposed (cotton mills employ lots of children).

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Well, many Germans have certainly gone to meet their Maker, if that’s what you mean.

Russia has evidently been told that it will get to keep both sides of the Dardanelles Strait.

Former President Cipriano Castro of Venezuela, is allowed into the US. Entry was initially denied by Ellis Island for moral turpitude, but it was overturned by Secretary of Labor William Wilson. He was also denied entry in 1913, because he wouldn’t answer questions – the moral turpitude thing was his supposed involvement in the murder of a political rival – but this time he was willing to answer questions – he didn’t do it, he says – so that’s good enough.

British munitions workers agree to give up their summer holidays, so the army can continue expending 500,000 shells a day in the Somme offensive.

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Today -100: July 18, 1916: Of assassinations, blacklists, orphans and pigs, and shell shock

When Niš, Serbia was captured a few months ago, the Central Powers got hold of some of the Serbian State Archives, including the names of Serb officers supposedly involved in the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand. They checked all their prison camps and found one of them. He will be put on trial.

Britain will add c.75 American businesses and individuals to the Trading with the Enemy Act blacklist, for the first time. Mostly branches of German companies.

The case in which it was discovered that the NYPD was wiretapping priests who Mayor John Mitchel believes are conspiring against him reaches the courts, with a monsignor, a priest and two others charged with perjury and libel and/or conspiracy. Their lawyer shows Charities Commissioner Strong a pamphlet which purports to give the details of his investigations, and he finds just one error in it: “There was no proof before me that orphans and pigs did eat out of the same bowl.”

Headline of the Day -100:

So that’s okay then. Dr. Georges Dumas, who studies shell-shock for the army, says that French incidences are no higher proportionately than German ones.

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Today -100: July 17, 1916: Of fortified dead, truces, polio, and modified congresses

Headline of the Day -100:

The Frankfurter Zeitung suggests that, since new Reichstag elections must be held in six months, it would be a good idea, in order to determine the nation’s feelings about what a peace should look like, a truce should be arranged so soldiers can return home to vote.

Polio death count, New York City: 386. But slowing, for whatever that’s worth.

Headline of the Day -100:  

Just a little off the tip.

That’s a congress of US Jews, to be held after the end of the European war to fight for the rights of Jews in other countries, among other things. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis leads a fight to prevent the congress being restricted to the single issue.

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Today -100: July 16, 1916: Of progressives, honorable peaces, British hands, sour milk, headhunting, and haunted houses

After a lot of shouting, the New Jersey branch of the Progressive Party rejects the national party’s decision to endorse Charles Evans Hughes.

Something called the German National Committee was recently formed, with a minor prince at its head, as was the custom. Its purpose is to prepare Germans for the prospect of an “honorable peace,” i.e. one that comes from negotiation rather than the abject defeat and surrender of the enemy.

Italy breaks commercial relations with Germany (Italy is at war with Austria but not Germany, for the time being).

The US State Department rules that the submarine Deutschland is an unarmed civilian merchant vessel, so it will be allowed to leave port at Baltimore.

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The Grand Sherif of Mecca’s revolt against Turkish rule, and gosh I’m going to have to watch Lawrence of Arabia again, aren’t I? For research?

New Zealand’s House of Representatives votes 44-4 for conscription.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, the Nobel Prize winner who discovered phagocytes, to the snickering pleasure of generations of high school students, and made great contributions to immunology, dies at 71, despite drinking sour milk every day, which he thought would promote longevity. He also claimed to have cured diabetes and that he knew how to avoid the cancer “germ” (always boil your bananas and indeed eat no uncooked foods) and that women make crappy scientists, so, um, yeah.

With their British colonial masters distracted by the, you know, war, the natives of the Solomon Islands are resuming their old head-hunting ways.

A Kansas City jury rules that a family can break their lease because their house is haunted.

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Today -100: July 15, 1916: Of sweeping scourges, bad discipline, bachelor justices, and race complications

Polio death count, New York City: 342. But it’s not growing exponentially or anything, which indicates, the Health Department says, “that the city was not in danger of a sweeping scourge that would wipe out child-life in all quarters.” So that’s good. The Health Department also points out that since the outbreak is largely confined to Brooklyn, it has the beneficial side-effect of preventing the existence of thousands of hipster great-grandchildren. Hoboken is stationing cops at every entrance to the city to turn back anyone trying to move there. I’ll just let that one sit there.

Major Gen. Wood denies that national guardsmen en route to the border aren’t provided sufficient food. He blames bad discipline. Nevertheless, more guardsmen leave their trains in Erie to raid a fruit stand and a bakery. NY Gov. Whitman rejects calls for a special session of the Legislature to provide more money for dependents, claiming it would be unconstitutional because the state constitution bans “gratuities.”

Woodrow Wilson nominates John Hessin Clarke to the Supreme Court to fill the seat vacated by Charles Evans Hughes. Clarke is a federal district court judge in Ohio. The NYT notes that he is a bachelor, which is rare on the Supreme Court, although the odious James McReynolds is also a bachelor. He and Clarke will not be best buds.

The NYT is a little upset with the choice of Clarke because he is from Ohio, replacing a New Yorker and leaving the court without one, and as we know only a New Yorker has “familiarity with the course of large affairs, as it may be observed and studied here”.

Sen. John Works (R-California) (the R stands for Racist) wants legislation to exclude Asians, “not to tolerate further race complications on our soil by preventing immigration of all peoples not of the white race.”

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Today -100: July 14, 1916: How does one achieve eternal bliss? By saying dada.

The Dada Manifesto is read out by Hugo Ball at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich.

Polio death count, New York City: 311. However, Dr. S.J. Meltzer of the Rockefeller Institute recommends, based on some limited experiments on monkeys, injecting adrenaline into the spinal fluid of polio patients. So far he’s the only person with a “cure” for polio. The best that can be said of the adrenaline cure is that he probably didn’t kill anyone with it.

The NYC Department of Health is issuing certificates of health for children not believed to have been exposed to polio, in the hopes that other towns won’t turn them back with shouts of “Unclean! Unclean!” or put them in quarantine or whatever.

German radical leader Rosa Luxemburg is arrested. Again.

Annie Besant, the Theosophist who earlier this year helped found the All India Home Rule League, is barred from entering Bombay.

Bertrand Russell is fired from his rectorate in logic and principles of mathematics at Cambridge because he was convicted under the Defence of the Realm Act for a leaflet objecting to the prison term of a conscientious objector. The British government will use this conviction as a pretext for banning him traveling to the US to lecture at Harvard and elsewhere.

The US military’s Mexican campaign continues to reveal massive organizational ineptitude. Several hundred militiamen on the way from New York to the Mexican border, who evidently hadn’t been fed in 36 hours, detrain in Cleveland and raid grocery stores, stealing some hams, 200 watermelons, ale, chewing tobacco and other necessities, and coming into conflict with riot police. (The militia will deny that they weren’t fed).

Dada.

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Today -100: July 13, 1916: Pacifists explained

John Redmond, leader of the increasingly irrelevant Irish Nationalists, angrily accuses Lord Lansdowne of sabotaging negotiations, mostly by suggesting that the exclusion of Ulster from the Home Rule Parliament might be permanent.

The NYT has a letter from Dr. Stewart Paton, a neurobiology lecturer at Princeton, explaining what’s wrong with pacifists. People who oppose expanded military preparedness, he says, display “recognized symptoms of a form of intellectual myopia, which is the result of the limitations placed upon the normal field of vision by a dissociation, or disunion, of the personality.” And so on. “The idea of struggle, of war, is abhorrent, not primarily because the happiness and welfare of others are concerned, but because the ghosts of unsolved personal problems constantly force themselves upon their attention.” It’s like one of those annoying David Brooks columns. Wikipedia tells us that Dr. Paton was a eugenicist.

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