Today -100: July 22, 1916: Of sneaky Germans, hospital ships, ferrises, and enemy aliens

William Watson Rutherford, the Tory MP for Liverpool, questions the home secretary about Germans buying properties in Britain and installing emplacements for heavy guns aimed at railway lines and such, which they’re totally doing.

Russia says that since Turkey sunk a couple of Russian hospital ships, it is now free to likewise violate the Hague convention and attack Turkish hospital ships.

The Prohibition Party nominates Frank Hanly, former Republican governor of Indiana, for president, with Rev. Ira Landrith as his running mate. Hanly beats out former (impeached and removed from office) NY Governor William Sulzer. Sulzer says he’s not disappointed because he wasn’t really a candidate for the nomination. The party platform opposes war with Mexico.

Woodbridge Nathan Ferris (D) announces that he won’t run for re-election as governor of Michigan, despite having the best name of any of the 48 governors. He will be succeed by Albert Sleeper (R), who has... a name.

Italy will henceforth treat Germans in its borders as enemy aliens subject to internment and the seizure of their property even though Italy is not actually at war with Germany.

Republicans in the House introduce a resolution asking Pres. Wilson why he’s keeping militia on the Mexican border if the emergency is over and it is so fucking hot down there.

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Today -100: July 21, 1916: Of ragamuffin mutinies and flemings

Headline of the Day -100:

Having not been properly equipped, members of the NY State Militia appear at war games in their underclothes and/or shoeless, and refuse to move out of sight of the governor. It turns out that there were uniforms in storage, but they weren’t being distributed until units were ordered to the Mexican border.

The Flemish People’s Party demands a division of Belgium into a Flemish and a Walloon state. Germany is rather transparently trying the divide-and-conquer thing.

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Today -100: July 20, 1916: Who’s better for the Jews?

The US is not happy about the British blacklisting of certain US companies, branches of companies, and individuals. It may respond by prosecuting under anti-trust laws any US shipping companies that refuse to carry goods from blacklisted companies. The US considers the blacklist an interference with its rights, as for example when US ships doing business with South America are refused coal in British ports like Jamaica if they carry goods from blacklisted companies.

Germany’s Imperial Vice Chancellor and Secretary of the Interior Karl Helfferich says that when Germany occupied part of Poland (since retaken by Russia), it was much nicer to the Poles than the Russians ever were, including the Polish Jews. And introduced hygiene, as was the German custom.

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Today -100: July 19, 1916: Of child labor, nations and God, moral turpitude, and shells

Woodrow Wilson is lobbying Congress for a child labor law, even though work on it might extend the current session and he’s said he won’t campaign until Congress adjourns. The bill would ban shipment across state lines of goods produced by child labor. Southern Democrats are strongly opposed (cotton mills employ lots of children).

Headline of the Day -100:

Well, many Germans have certainly gone to meet their Maker, if that’s what you mean.

Russia has evidently been told that it will get to keep both sides of the Dardanelles Strait.

Former President Cipriano Castro of Venezuela, is allowed into the US. Entry was initially denied by Ellis Island for moral turpitude, but it was overturned by Secretary of Labor William Wilson. He was also denied entry in 1913, because he wouldn’t answer questions – the moral turpitude thing was his supposed involvement in the murder of a political rival – but this time he was willing to answer questions – he didn’t do it, he says – so that’s good enough.

British munitions workers agree to give up their summer holidays, so the army can continue expending 500,000 shells a day in the Somme offensive.

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Today -100: July 18, 1916: Of assassinations, blacklists, orphans and pigs, and shell shock

When Niš, Serbia was captured a few months ago, the Central Powers got hold of some of the Serbian State Archives, including the names of Serb officers supposedly involved in the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand. They checked all their prison camps and found one of them. He will be put on trial.

Britain will add c.75 American businesses and individuals to the Trading with the Enemy Act blacklist, for the first time. Mostly branches of German companies.

The case in which it was discovered that the NYPD was wiretapping priests who Mayor John Mitchel believes are conspiring against him reaches the courts, with a monsignor, a priest and two others charged with perjury and libel and/or conspiracy. Their lawyer shows Charities Commissioner Strong a pamphlet which purports to give the details of his investigations, and he finds just one error in it: “There was no proof before me that orphans and pigs did eat out of the same bowl.”

Headline of the Day -100:

So that’s okay then. Dr. Georges Dumas, who studies shell-shock for the army, says that French incidences are no higher proportionately than German ones.

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Today -100: July 17, 1916: Of fortified dead, truces, polio, and modified congresses

Headline of the Day -100:

The Frankfurter Zeitung suggests that, since new Reichstag elections must be held in six months, it would be a good idea, in order to determine the nation’s feelings about what a peace should look like, a truce should be arranged so soldiers can return home to vote.

Polio death count, New York City: 386. But slowing, for whatever that’s worth.

Headline of the Day -100:  

Just a little off the tip.

That’s a congress of US Jews, to be held after the end of the European war to fight for the rights of Jews in other countries, among other things. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis leads a fight to prevent the congress being restricted to the single issue.

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Today -100: July 16, 1916: Of progressives, honorable peaces, British hands, sour milk, headhunting, and haunted houses

After a lot of shouting, the New Jersey branch of the Progressive Party rejects the national party’s decision to endorse Charles Evans Hughes.

Something called the German National Committee was recently formed, with a minor prince at its head, as was the custom. Its purpose is to prepare Germans for the prospect of an “honorable peace,” i.e. one that comes from negotiation rather than the abject defeat and surrender of the enemy.

Italy breaks commercial relations with Germany (Italy is at war with Austria but not Germany, for the time being).

The US State Department rules that the submarine Deutschland is an unarmed civilian merchant vessel, so it will be allowed to leave port at Baltimore.

Headline of the Day -100:

The Grand Sherif of Mecca’s revolt against Turkish rule, and gosh I’m going to have to watch Lawrence of Arabia again, aren’t I? For research?

New Zealand’s House of Representatives votes 44-4 for conscription.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, the Nobel Prize winner who discovered phagocytes, to the snickering pleasure of generations of high school students, and made great contributions to immunology, dies at 71, despite drinking sour milk every day, which he thought would promote longevity. He also claimed to have cured diabetes and that he knew how to avoid the cancer “germ” (always boil your bananas and indeed eat no uncooked foods) and that women make crappy scientists, so, um, yeah.

With their British colonial masters distracted by the, you know, war, the natives of the Solomon Islands are resuming their old head-hunting ways.

A Kansas City jury rules that a family can break their lease because their house is haunted.

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Today -100: July 15, 1916: Of sweeping scourges, bad discipline, bachelor justices, and race complications

Polio death count, New York City: 342. But it’s not growing exponentially or anything, which indicates, the Health Department says, “that the city was not in danger of a sweeping scourge that would wipe out child-life in all quarters.” So that’s good. The Health Department also points out that since the outbreak is largely confined to Brooklyn, it has the beneficial side-effect of preventing the existence of thousands of hipster great-grandchildren. Hoboken is stationing cops at every entrance to the city to turn back anyone trying to move there. I’ll just let that one sit there.

Major Gen. Wood denies that national guardsmen en route to the border aren’t provided sufficient food. He blames bad discipline. Nevertheless, more guardsmen leave their trains in Erie to raid a fruit stand and a bakery. NY Gov. Whitman rejects calls for a special session of the Legislature to provide more money for dependents, claiming it would be unconstitutional because the state constitution bans “gratuities.”

Woodrow Wilson nominates John Hessin Clarke to the Supreme Court to fill the seat vacated by Charles Evans Hughes. Clarke is a federal district court judge in Ohio. The NYT notes that he is a bachelor, which is rare on the Supreme Court, although the odious James McReynolds is also a bachelor. He and Clarke will not be best buds.

The NYT is a little upset with the choice of Clarke because he is from Ohio, replacing a New Yorker and leaving the court without one, and as we know only a New Yorker has “familiarity with the course of large affairs, as it may be observed and studied here”.

Sen. John Works (R-California) (the R stands for Racist) wants legislation to exclude Asians, “not to tolerate further race complications on our soil by preventing immigration of all peoples not of the white race.”

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Today -100: July 14, 1916: How does one achieve eternal bliss? By saying dada.

The Dada Manifesto is read out by Hugo Ball at the Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich.

Polio death count, New York City: 311. However, Dr. S.J. Meltzer of the Rockefeller Institute recommends, based on some limited experiments on monkeys, injecting adrenaline into the spinal fluid of polio patients. So far he’s the only person with a “cure” for polio. The best that can be said of the adrenaline cure is that he probably didn’t kill anyone with it.

The NYC Department of Health is issuing certificates of health for children not believed to have been exposed to polio, in the hopes that other towns won’t turn them back with shouts of “Unclean! Unclean!” or put them in quarantine or whatever.

German radical leader Rosa Luxemburg is arrested. Again.

Annie Besant, the Theosophist who earlier this year helped found the All India Home Rule League, is barred from entering Bombay.

Bertrand Russell is fired from his rectorate in logic and principles of mathematics at Cambridge because he was convicted under the Defence of the Realm Act for a leaflet objecting to the prison term of a conscientious objector. The British government will use this conviction as a pretext for banning him traveling to the US to lecture at Harvard and elsewhere.

The US military’s Mexican campaign continues to reveal massive organizational ineptitude. Several hundred militiamen on the way from New York to the Mexican border, who evidently hadn’t been fed in 36 hours, detrain in Cleveland and raid grocery stores, stealing some hams, 200 watermelons, ale, chewing tobacco and other necessities, and coming into conflict with riot police. (The militia will deny that they weren’t fed).

Dada.

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Today -100: July 13, 1916: Pacifists explained

John Redmond, leader of the increasingly irrelevant Irish Nationalists, angrily accuses Lord Lansdowne of sabotaging negotiations, mostly by suggesting that the exclusion of Ulster from the Home Rule Parliament might be permanent.

The NYT has a letter from Dr. Stewart Paton, a neurobiology lecturer at Princeton, explaining what’s wrong with pacifists. People who oppose expanded military preparedness, he says, display “recognized symptoms of a form of intellectual myopia, which is the result of the limitations placed upon the normal field of vision by a dissociation, or disunion, of the personality.” And so on. “The idea of struggle, of war, is abhorrent, not primarily because the happiness and welfare of others are concerned, but because the ghosts of unsolved personal problems constantly force themselves upon their attention.” It’s like one of those annoying David Brooks columns. Wikipedia tells us that Dr. Paton was a eugenicist.

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Today -100: July 12, 1916: Of polio and occupied Ireland

New York polio death toll = 270. The Department of Health is investigating pretty much everything dirty in the city, for instance closing 50 soda fountains. There are scattered cases in New Jersey, and Montclair orders children entering the city to undergo 3 weeks’ quarantine.

Charles Evans Hughes’s Campaign Committee balances Republicans and Progressives, leaving the Republican Old Guard in a small minority.

In the House of Lords, Lord Lansdowne explains the British government’s plans for ruling Ireland until the new Lloyd George agreement can be voted on and/or sabotaged by Parliament. The details of the plan are obviously less important than the 40,000 troops Lansdowne says will be needed to occupy Ireland to keep the natives in line.

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Today -100: July 11, 1916: What makes Mexico suspicious of us is that she does not believe as yet that we want to serve her

The House of Representatives passes an emergency spending bill to cover the $300m in new spending for “preparedness” and Mexico. Income tax rates will be doubled, and there will be a surtax on high incomes, an inheritance tax, and a tax on munitions profits.

Woodrow Wilson tells the World’s Salesmanship Congress that “What makes Mexico suspicious of us is that she does not believe as yet that we want to serve her. She believes we want to possess her.” That pronoun ain’t helping.

Headline of the Day -100:

14 more polio deaths in NYC yesterday. Health Commissioner Haven Emerson says there is no reason for panicky alarm. That adjective ain’t helping.

Britain threatens the Netherlands with a cutoff of its cotton imports if it doesn’t end all exports of manufactured goods to other neutral countries, since goods that have been ostensibly exported to Switzerland and Romania have tended to find their way to Germany.

Prince Edward Albert, the future Edward VIII, is rumored, one assumes falsely, to be seeking the hand in marriage of Princess Yolanda of Italy. Who is 15, barely.

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Today -100: July 10, 1916: Of polio, Rough Riders II, submarines, and Bull Moose

New York children were kept away from churches and Sunday school yesterday. NYC polio death toll = 225. They’re also doing a lot of street-cleaning, because they have no idea how polio is spread.

Theodore Roosevelt offers the nation a division of 20,000 volunteers to be used in a war with Mexico. He would be a major general. He also expects to be able to hand-pick soldiers from the regular army. And he’ll make Seth Bullock (you know, from Deadwood) an officer.

A giant German submarine, Deutschland, is coming into port in Baltimore. It’s a civilian sub, and it may be the first sub to cross the Atlantic. This voyage is a proof-of-concept for using submarines to break the British blockade. It’s carrying dyestuffs and mail, including official dispatches for the German embassy but, contrary to rumors, no message from Kaiser Wilhelm to Pres. Wilson. The voyage of the Deutschland will be celebrated in Germany for puttin’ one over on the Brits, and the publicity campaign will include a book by the captain,

but the sub made only more trip to the US, and its sister boat, the Bremen, will vanish mysteriously in September on its way to Virginia.

The Colorado Progressive Party decides not to endorse Hughes or to dissolve itself like so many other state branches have.

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Today -100: July 9, 1916: Sadly, no actual goulash is fired from actual cannons

Germany is considering responding to Britain’s tightened economic blockade by cutting the rations of the 2 million British POWs it holds.

The traveling kitchens the German government is (inadequately) deploying to deal with the effects of that blockade are called “goulash cannons.”

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Today -100: July 8, 1916: Of negotiations, conscription, and polio

The US accepts Carranza’s proposal for negotiations, which is a face-saving delaying tactic for everyone, a way for Carranza to back down from his demand for US troops to leave his country. The talks will drag on for months, accomplishing nothing. Pershing’s troops won’t leave Mexico, which not surprisingly is Mexico’s prerequisite for agreement on anything else, but neither will they actively roam the countryside attempting to track down stray remnants of Villa’s band.

The ambassador to the US from the Belgian government-in-exile protests that Germany is conscripting Belgians who have lived for a period of time in Germany into the German Army to fight against Belgians, violating the Hague Convention.

The death toll in the New York polio epidemic is now 187. Children under 16 are banned from libraries and park sandboxes. People are being dragged into court on charges of having no lids on their garbage cans. Stray dogs and cats are being killed. In other words, they’re attacking anything and everything (immigrants! poor people! ethnic food!) that might conceivably transmit the disease. Health Commissioner Haven Emerson says the best prevention is soap and water, sunlight and fresh air, because why not.

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Today -100: July 7, 1916: Must not make Captain Picard joke, must not make Captain Picard joke, must not make Captain Picard joke...

Lloyd George is appointed Secretary for War, replacing the drowned Lord Kitchener. Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey is made an earl, because evidently one of the 4 top jobs is supposed to be held by a member of the House of Lords, and Kitchener was that one. (Update: Grey will choose to be a viscount instead, because there’s already an Earl Grey.)

Charles Evans Hughes meets with suffragist and anti-suffrage delegations for 30 minutes each. Both express themselves satisfied with what he told them.

Married men and men with dependent parents will be allowed to leave the National Guards if they want. It was either that or pay actual money to support their families, and we can’t have that.

The Army’s man in charge of censoring news reports of the Mexican campaign: Douglas MacArthur.

The NAACP starts a $10,000 anti-lynching fund.

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Today -100: July 6, 1916: We have from the beginning had no other motives than those based upon our right and our duty

The NYT has an editorial,

that captures American condescension towards Mexico in all its glory. Carranza’s greatest failing, it seems, was to underestimate the wonderfulness of the United States: “We have from the beginning had no other motives than those based upon our right and our duty. That Carranza should have so profoundly misunderstood us is perhaps not so strange – the Mexicans are not only suspicious of others, but they often seem to be incapable of understanding their own shortcomings.” Lucky they have you then.

Lloyd George’s plan for Home Rule is to take the MPs currently representing Ireland (excluding the 6 Ulster counties) and call them a Home Rule House of Commons. They’d do double duty in the Dublin and Westminster parliaments, which should be fine because the one in Dublin won’t be allowed to do much of anything anyway. Amusingly, this plan would mean that one Home Rule MP would be rabid anti-Home Ruler Sir Edward Carson, MP for Trinity College, Dublin (a seat elected by graduates of the university). There will also be a Senate, packed with Ulster Unionists. This arrangement will be a temporary one, expiring one year after the war ends.

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Today -100: July 5, 1916: I don’t think Hallmark makes a thank-you card for that one

Chicago fires 68 teachers who are members of a union.

As the polio epidemic continues, wealthy New Yorkers are sending their children out of the city. There is no treatment for polio, so the patients just have to ride it out and hope for the best.

Prince Wilhelm of Germany, 2nd in line to the throne, is enrolled in the German Army as a lieutenant of the First Guard Infantry. On his tenth birthday.

Willy will still be wearing that uniform (well, probably a larger version) when he was, um, will be (Jesus with the verb tenses already!) killed in action in Belgium in 1940.

Carranza finally responds to Washington’s demand of June 25th that he make clear his attitude towards the US military presence in his country. Carranza’s note is reportedly mild enough in tone to reduce the possibility of a Mexican-American war.

On the 4th of July Woodrow Wilson dedicates the new American Federation of Labor building, though being Woodrow Wilson he says something pompous about having, as president, to serve all classes and not favor any one class, so he’s dedicating the building to common counsel and a common understanding. Mabel Vernon of Nevada, a women’s suffrage organizer, interrupts to ask why he opposes a national suffrage amendment. The police throw her out. Wilson and Vernon’s paths will cross again.

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Today -100: July 4, 1916: Of Wall Street witches, guardsmen and candy, polio, unchecked lawlessness, and bats

Hetty Green, the Witch of Wall Street and the richest woman in the world, dies
 at 81. She inherited a fortune (some of it quite possibly by forging a will), invested well in bonds and railroads and whatnot, and was legendarily, epically cheap. She leaves an estate worth upwards of $100,000,000.

US national guards are moving towards the Mexican border. Pennsylvania guardsmen arrive in Kansas starving, because they weren’t provided enough food for the train trip, while New York troops heading for Texas are being overfed by hospitable Southerners on the route. “At every stop since leaving Indianapolis a royal reception has been accorded the men, said reception too often consisting of too much candy, ice cream, and cake.”

There’s a polio (“infantile paralysis”) epidemic in New York City, with 72 new cases and 23 deaths in a 48-hour period. There will be a lot more. Movie theaters are ordered to admit no children under 16. Licenses have been revoked for Fourth of July celebrations in Brooklyn, where the outbreaks are most numerous. This polio epidemic will be followed by smaller, related outbreaks in succeeding summers, including the one in 1921 in which Franklin Roosevelt contracted it.

A Royal Commission into the Easter Rising blames former Chief Secretary for Ireland Augustine Birrell. It says the “main cause of the rebellion appears to be that lawlessness was allowed to grow up unchecked,” what with the volunteer forces of both sides openly drilling and so on.

Baseball news: Ty Cobb is suspended and fined for throwing his bat into the stands after striking out.

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Today -100: July 3, 1916: What’s the Russian for “too little, too late?”

The Russian Duma passes a bill giving equal civil rights to peasants.

Supposedly, Carranza has refused to accept Pancho Villa’s surrender. Total bullshit, I’m pretty sure.

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