Today -100: March 5, 1919: His gluttony for the limelight is well known. Delicious, delicious limelight.

Giving a pro-League of Nations speech at the Met, Woodrow Wilson says criticism means nothing to him, because “there is no medium that will transmit them,” whatever that means. Demonstrating that spirit of flexibility and compromise for which he is known, Wilson wonders how the critics of the League “can live, and not live in the atmosphere of the world... and I cannot particularly imagine how they can be Americans and set up a doctrine of careful selfishness thought out in the last detail.” After being played onto the stage with “Over There,” he promises not to come back from France until the peace talks are over, over there.

The 65th Congress comes to an end, not having finished much of its business thanks to a filibuster by Senators Lawrence Sherman (R-Ill.), Joseph France (R-Maryland), and Robert La Follette (R-Wisc.). Lost bills include the General Deficiency Bill to pay old bills and fund the government’s control of the railroads; army and navy appropriations; repeal of daylight savings; a 4-year ban on immigration; prohibition enforcement; and a revised women’s suffrage constitutional amendment. Pres. Wilson says he won’t call a special session, because he’ll be back in France until June and “it is not in the interest of the right conduct of public affairs” for Congress to work while he’s not around to (cough) cooperate with them. Or, as Sen. George Moses (R-New Hampshire) puts it, “His gluttony for the limelight is well known” and his “dogged refusal to summon Congress, save when and as he pleases, is... due to his desire to monopolize the center of the international stage, and to close the only national forum available here for the voicing of opposition to the proposed constitution of the League of Nations.” It’s funny because it’s true.

Spartacists seize the police hq in Berlin. The general strike’s demands include recognition of workers’ and soldiers’ councils (or soviets, if you will), reversal of the re-establishment of the military hierarchy, disbandment of the Freikorps, the creation of a Red Guard under the soviets, the release of all political prisoners, and trial by revolutionary tribunal of various Hohenzollerns and generals and whatnot.

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A Jewish delegation meets Polish President Józef Piłsudski and Prime Minister Paderewski to ask them to stop the pogroms. They both decline to do anything. Piłsudski says the Jews are hostile to Poland. Asked for proof of this, he says there is none but that’s the general feeling.

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Today -100: March 4, 1919: A most fatal error for any people

British Prime Minister Lloyd George warns small nations (he doesn’t specify which small nations, but he has to have at least Belgium and Yugoslavia in mind) not to emulate the faults of large empires by annexing lands not their own: “This is a most fatal error for any people, great or small.”

Ignoring that advice, of course, is France. The current version of the Peace Conference’s map of the proposed French-German border is interesting. France will re-annex Alsace-Lorraine without the complication of asking its inhabitants their wishes. The Rhineland and the northern Saar region of Germany, important for coal and steel and, consequently, for providing raw material for the German military machine, are inconveniently too German in population for France to get away with annexing them, so it’s been suggested that they be made sort of neutral – “sterilized” is the word they’re using – with France taking their coal and steel while the inhabitants would be neither French nor German and would be represented in neither parliament but would also not be conscripted into either army.

37 Republican senators from the incoming Senate sign a resolution against the US joining the League of Nations unless certain changes are made. Signers include Henry Cabot Lodge, William Borah, Warren Harding, Hiram Johnson, and Reed Smoot. They didn’t ask Democratic senators to sign and indeed actively refused one or two who wanted to, so this is clearly more about the 1920 elections than the League. They also want a peace treaty signed before there is any consideration of the League. Considering the widespread belief that the continuance of the wartime blockade of Germany is starving that country into Bolshevism, this doesn’t seem entirely unreasonable.

British Secretary of War Winston Churchill asks Parliament to maintain an army of 2.5 million, since they might wind up having to occupy Germany if it doesn’t agree to the terms handed it.

The Supreme Court upholds (in Schenck v. United States) the convictions of socialists Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer under the Espionage Act for calling for resistance to conscription. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writes that during wartime things that people might be permitted to speak “are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and no court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right.” The NYT misses the famous line in the ruling that “the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre... The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger”.

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Today -100: March 3, 1919: Every strike brings us a step nearer to the abyss

The NYT reports “The possible fall of the German Government,” beset as it is by strikes and soviets and Spartacists. The government issues a manifesto: “Every strike brings us a step nearer to the abyss. Only work can save us.”

Woodrow Wilson meets American Zionist leaders and expresses support for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Peace talks between Poland and the Ukraine fail.

Former French Prime Minister René Viviani says Paris is too close to the border, and since they can’t move Paris, they should move the border, that’s just science.

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Today -100: March 2, 1919: Of republics, dynamiters, and statehoods

A Soviet republic is declared in Brunswick.

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No answer having been forthcoming to the request Puerto Rico’s Resident Commissioner Félix Córdova Dávila made to Congress last month to say whether Puerto Rico can ever become a state, the island’s Legislature repeats the question. Puerto Rico’s Union and Republican parties agree that if it isn’t, they should work for independence.

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Today -100: March 1, 1919: Of mobilizations, train accidents, and writing history books

The Netherlands is mobilizing its army to fight off any attempt by Belgium to annex Dutch territory.

In 1917, 9,567 people were killed on railroads and 70,970 injured.

At a White House dinner for members of the DNC, Woodrow Wilson says he’s looking forward to writing some history books after March 3, 1921. In other words, he’s not running for a 3rd term.

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Today -100: February 28, 1919: Of strikes, palmers and whipples, and feeble kaisers

German troops crush Spartacist strikes in the Ruhr coal region.

Woodrow Wilson nominates Alexander Mitchell Palmer, the Alien Property Custodian and a former congresscritter from Pennsylvania, to be attorney general. He beats out Sherman Whipple, which is surely the name of a cartoon character.

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Today -100: February 27, 1919: Of promiscuous shooting, rioting, and parks

Spartacist uprising in Saxony, with a general strike. And in Düsseldorf armed Spartacists seize the ballots for the city council elections and burn them, then engage in “a little promiscuous shooting,” as was the custom.

Socialist journalist John Reed goes on trial in Philadelphia for inciting to riot and rioting. Last May he tried to give a speech that the police didn’t want him to give, which seems to be the extent of his “rioting.” Also on trial is William Kogerman, who allegedly tried to bite a cop who was arresting him, which he denies. (They will be acquitted).

Among other legislation passed at the end of the 65th Congress’s term, but not mentioned in this article, is one establishing the Grand Canyon as a national park.

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Today -100: February 26, 1919: Repent! Repent!

Willy Hohenzollern thinks Germany “will soon repent of having overthrown the monarchy.” Spoiler Alert: Germany will not repent of having overthrown the monarchy.

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Today -100: February 25, 1919: Good morrow, my little soldiers

Boston police arrest 22 members of the National Woman’s Party who planned to burn Woodrow Wilson’s speeches on Boston Common during the welcome parade. The charge is loitering.

In his speech at Mechanics Hall, Boston, Wilson says abandoning the peace treaty would be breaking the promises the US made to new nations Poland, Armenia, Czechoslovakia etc. “I have no more doubt of the verdict of America in this matter than I have of the blood that is in me.” And about that blood: “I have fighting blood in me.”

Prince Leopold is arrested for possibly being behind the assassination of Bavarian PM Kurt Eisner. And they’re looking for the former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria. A bunch of aristos have also been arrested.

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“Good morrow, my little soldiers,” he addresses them. “Good morrow, comrade,” they reply.

Full-page ad on page 7:

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Today -100: February 24, 1919: Of non-lynchings, non-civil wars, fog, and money

The NYT reports the lynching by an angry Budapest mob of Communist leader Béla Kun. This is not true.

On his return home from the peace talks, Woodrow Wilson’s ship almost runs aground in the fog, in what is definitely not a metaphor of any kind. And the Secret Service raids a couple of places looking for two Spanish anarchists allegedly planning to assassinate Wilson and for the bomb they allegedly planned to throw at him. They arrest 14 men, which may or may not include the two they’re looking for, and find zero bombs.

German Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann told the National Assembly in Weimar that civil war has broken out in Munich. The government quickly disavows this.

Poland plans to introduce its own currency in a few months, pegged to the French franc.

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Today -100: February 23, 1919: 60% dead

The assassination of Bavarian Chancellor Kurt Eisner is followed, as was the custom, by an uprising in Munich and the declaration of a Bavarian Soviet Republic. AP says Eisner’s assassin has been lynched; he hasn’t. NYT: “It is predicted that the killing of Eisner will be avenged in a most frightful manner.”

A revolt breaks out in Budapest. Communists attack the Social Democratic Party’s official newspaper Népszava (People’s Word) and take over the telegraph office and train station. The NYT thinks that Germans and Russians are behind it.

Sing Sing prison had 106 cases of Spanish Flu, nearly 10% of the prison’s population, and 14 cases of flu-related pneumonia, but not a single death. They used quinine and “physic.”

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Today -100: February 22, 1919: Another day, another assassination

Kurt Eisner, the radical Bavarian Chancellor, who was actually on his way to the state Diet to resign, is shot dead by Count Anton von Arco auf Valley, who hated Eisner on political as well as anti-Semitic grounds despite his own Jewish heritage on his mother’s side. Arco-Valley shouts “Down with the revolution, long live the kaiser!” He will be tried before a sympathetic right-wing judge by a sympathetic right-wing prosecutor who will praise his “enthusiasm.” He will serve 5 years (some of it in a cell that Hitler got right after him) (right now he’s in the same cell Eisner occupied a year ago).

While announcing Eisner’s death to the Diet, Interior Minister Erhard Auer, a rightist, is himself shot and wounded by someone in the public gallery. Spartacists seize Munich police hq, but government forces recapture it.

The Central Federated Union of New York votes to strike on July 1 if beer is cut off on that date. No beer, no work.

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Today -100: February 21, 1919: They are exceedingly clumsy

The assassin’s bullet that hit French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau penetrated his lungs and is inoperable (nevertheless, he’s up and walking around and will live another decade). The Tiger says, “My adversaries are really poor shots.  They are exceedingly clumsy.”

Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton and some of his men are helping bring troops to Archangel, with reindeer and sledges and what not.

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Victor Berger, Socialist member of Congress from Wisconsin, and his fellow defendants are sentenced to 20 years for violation of the Espionage Act and obstructing the war.

The French province Champagne demands that the Peace Conference prevent the name of that eponymous beverage being used by bubbly originating from any other region. You know, along with peace and disarmament and the League of Nations. 

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Today -100: February 20, 1919: Insulting his house is just going TOO FAR

Anarchist Émile Cottin attempts to assassinate French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, 77, hitting him with 1 (the NYT incorrectly says 3) of 7 shots. Clemenceau will make endless jokes about Cottin’s bad marksmanship. Cottin is immediately surrounded by women, who hit him with umbrellas, as was the custom, and is already giving interviews with the press. He says Clemenceau is the enemy of humanity and is preparing for another war (it’s funny because it’s true). He also says Clemenceau’s house is ugly (it’s now the Musée Clemenceau in the 16th arrondissement and yeah, kinda). Some time after his release from prison, Cottin will go to Spain to fight in the Civil War, where he will be killed in battle.

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Today -100: February 19, 1919: Nor does she represent anything but agitation

The NY Legislature confirms Frances Perkins as a state industrial commissioner. Sen. George Thompson (R), leading the opposition, says Perkins “does not represent women, nor does she represent anything but agitation” and complains that she didn’t take her husband’s last name.

The Costa Rican army is evidently preparing to invade Nicaragua. The US blames German propaganda for stirring up trouble, because of course it does.

At least 75 German (mostly Prussian) army officers have applied for commissions in the US Army. The army tells them, Dudes, we’re technically still at war.

The armistice, however, is renewed, this time for an indefinite period, but with the Allies giving themselves the right to abrogate it on just 3 days’ notice. The Germans aren’t happy about Gen. Foch being allowed to interpret armistice terms any way he chooses or the provision that German troops should stop attacking Poles. The German cabinet strongly considered not signing the armistice and just seeing what happened.

Sweden tells former head of the German Army Erich Ludendorff, who’s been living there in exile since the Revolution, to leave.

The US Army occupies Luxembourg City to prevent a revolution in what the NYT calls “this little toy nation.”

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Today -100: February 18, 1919: Oh, You Black Death

An IWW strike among Butte, Montana copper miners protesting a wage cut (from $5.75 a day down to $4.75) fails.

A large crowd watches the 369th Infantry march up 5th Avenue, the first New York regiment to return from Europe. The 369th is a black unit, or “blutdurstig schwarzemänner” (bloodthirsty black men) as the Germans called them, so it’s nice to see them greeted with candy, coins and cigarettes (the 3 c’s). Cheers are especially loud for Sgt Henry Johnson, who fended off a German attack with his bolo knife after his gun jammed. “Oh, You Black Death,” the spectators shout affectionately.

The War Office announces that US troops will be withdrawn soon from northern Russia (soon being when the weather is better).

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South Carolina is the most illiterate state.

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Today -100: February 17, 1919: Of retaliation and riffraff

A Le Journal reporter who “escaped” from Petrograd says that 4 Russian grand dukes were shot without trial in retaliation for the murders of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.

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The Senate committee investigating Russian Bolshevism hears from the American former manager of a factory in Russia, who is testifying incognito. He claims that factory workers are not Bolsheviks and that the government is “made up of the riffraff of the industrial and the peasant world.” There are many delightful 1919 words that have sadly slipped out of modern usage, and then there are words like “riffraff” that can just go fuck themselves. Mr. Anonymous brags about having armed his workers to resist government demands that his factory pay its taxes.

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Today -100: February 16, 1919: If it is an unjust peace, 70,000,000 people in their hearts will never forgive or forget

New German Chancellor Philipp Scheidemann warns: “The Entente is able to force any kind of peace on Germany, but if it is an unjust peace, 70,000,000 people in their hearts will never forgive or forget.” Also, he wants to annex Austria.

German Foreign Minister Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau (what a name!) says “Germany cannot enter a League of Nations without colonies.” He accepts the internationalization of colonies (the mandate system), but only so long as all colonial powers also do so and Germany receives a proportional share of colonial products.

Some Republican senators do not like the draft League of Nations constitution, which they see as violating the Monroe Doctrine and surrendering US independence. Wilson has asked the Senate not to start discussing the League until he gets back to the US and has a chance to talk down to them about it, but they may go ahead anyway (they will become especially pissed off at Wilson tomorrow when they hear that he’s planning to land in Boston and make pro-League speeches before talking to the Sen. Foreign Relations Committee).

Immigration Commissioner Richard Campbell bans immigrants who withdrew their declarations of intent to naturalize in order to avoid the draft from ever becoming citizens.

NYT political cartoons are soooo subtle:

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Today -100: February 15, 1919: Definitely

The draft constitution of the League of Nations has been agreed upon. Woodrow Wilson says “It is a union which cannot be resisted, and, I dare say, one which no nation will attempt to resist.” “It is definite as a guarantee of peace. It is definite as a guarantee against aggression. It is definite against renewal of such a cataclysm as has just shaken civilization.”

New York’s Republican Legislature is working on enforcement legislation for the 18th Amendment. It’s thinking of continuing to allow the manufacture and sale of beer and light wines, defying the Anti-Saloon League, which had its own stronger draft bill.

The royalist revolt in Portugal has failed.

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Today -100: February 14, 1919: Of armistices and food terms

The Allies add yet more terms to the next armistice renewal: Germany must halt military activity against the Poles in Posen and reduce its total military to 20 or 25 divisions.

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Today -100: February 13, 1919: Of island, armies, and assassinations

The Peace Conference hasn’t decided where the League of Nations should meet, but thinks it should be an internationalized territory, maybe Constantinople or some island.

The US and Britain object to France’s call for a League of Nations army because their countries are constitutionally prohibited from committing to a war in advance.

The Secret Service claims to have foiled an IWW plot to assassinate Pres. Wilson. 20 Wobblies due to be released from prison decided on the plan and drew lots, with the alliterative and delightfully named Pietro Pierre winning the honor.

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Today -100: February 12, 1919: No beer, no work

The French  propose that the League of Nations have its own military to enforce its decisions. Léon Bourgeois, the French delegate, says this army should be stationed in... France, which is, after all, at the center of the universe. The out-of-the-blue amendment threatens to derail talks and thwart Wilson’s hopes to have the League done and dusted before he returns home.

The NYT names the Seattle anarchists being deported and their supposed crimes, which mostly consist of “preaching of doctrine of unlawful destruction of property.”

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The Central Federated Union’s affiliated unions in New York will vote on a “No Beer, No Work” strike against prohibition. The union points out that many of the legislatures that voted for ratification did so either without consulting the voters or disregarding referenda that went against prohibition.

The German National Assembly at Weimar elects Friedrich Ebert president. A provisional constitution is approved, despite Independent Socialist objections to its use of the word “empire” instead of “republic” and the lack of an unequivocal ban on secret treaties.

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Today -100: February 11, 1919: Of suffrage and general strikes

The Senate votes 55-29 for the women’s suffrage amend to the Constitution, 1 short of the necessary 2/3. The blame falls on Southern Democrats.

British planes are dropping bombs on Bolshevik forces in the north of Russia.

The US delegation to the Peace Conference is threatening to demand that the conference be moved from France to some neutral country because of relentless French propaganda for imposing crushing peace terms on Germany as well as censorship (an American statement was censored a day or two ago but we’re not sure what was censored because it was, you know, censored).

The Seattle general strike is called off.

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Today -100: February 10, 1919: He preaches democracy abroad and thwarts democracy here

With a Senate vote on the women’s suffrage amendment scheduled for this week, National Woman’s Party members demonstrate in front of the White House, burn Wilson in effigy for not doing enough to pressure senators, and wave banners with mottos like “He preaches democracy abroad and thwarts democracy here.” 40+ are arrested.

The US begins deportations of 54 of what the Chicago Tribune calls “a motley company of I.W.W. troublemakers, bearded labor fanatics, and red flag supporters,” grabbed up in Seattle to smother the general strike, then put on a train for the Atlantic coast and points east (presumably Russia for most of them). This was ordered by Immigration Commissioner Anthony Caminetti, who has the authority to expel anarchists or IWW members, whether or not they have broken any law. IWW men attempt to rescue the prisoners in Butte, Montana, but are foiled when the authorities get advance word and play switcheroo with train cars.

Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson says “The general strike has failed. ... The revolution has failed. The attempt to establish a Soviet Government and control and operate all enterprises and industries has collapsed.”

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The French are claiming that the reason two trains crashed into each other was that one of them was one of those turned over by Germany as part of the armistice deal and it had a bomb in it.

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Today -100: February 9, 1919: Of calm Seattle and Jews voting

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Because nothing says “calm” like “troops with machine guns.” Also, the unions were pretty serious about preventing any un-calm themselves. The Citizens’ Committee says that business interests consider the general strike a “rebellion against the government” and not a real strike. Sure they do.

The Japanese delegation to the Peace Conference tells the Chinese delegation to shut up. China is planning to show the conference the secret treaties by which Japan “leased” Jiaozhou, which China wants back. Japan would prefer those secret treaties to remain secret and that China not say anything at the talks which Japan hasn’t approved first. China, however, is still under the impression that it’s an independent country.

Poland grants Jews the vote. Yay.

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Today -100: February 8, 1919: We warn our opponents not to push us too far

German Chancellor Friedrich Ebert tells the National Assembly, assembled in Weimar, that the armistice terms are of “unheard of severity” and “carried out without shame.” They are also unnecessary, because “Our enemies declare that they are fighting militarism, but militarism has been dethroned.” “We warn our opponents not to push us too far. Hunger is preferable to disgrace, and deprivation is to be preferred to dishonor.” Oh, and he’d like to annex Austria, please and thank you. He threatens to break off peace negotiations with the Allies, who respond by suggesting that new terms might be imposed on Germany for the next extension of the armistice. Germany has been slow in fulfilling earlier armistice terms, like handing over ships.

Talks to end the general strike in Seattle fail. Mayor Ole Hanson threatens that if it’s not called off, he will “place this city under control of the Federal Government.” The strike is reasonably complete, but the Tacoma version isn’t, and has been called off.

The IWW calls a strike on the Montana copper mines against wage reductions from $5.75 a day to $4.75.

As I mentioned, the Senate will extend its investigation of German propaganda in the US to Bolshevik propaganda. So the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage will ask it to include suffragist groups, “to determine what relationship exists between American suffrage societies and organizations of Socialists and Feminists in Europe”.

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Today -100: February 7, 1919: Of general strikes

Federal troops are sent into Seattle to “stand ready,” but not (yet) to suppress the city’s just-begun general strike. The strike was called in sympathy with shipyard workers who are on strike for higher wages and who were enraged to find (through a mis-sent telegram) that the federal government threatened owners with the loss of their contracts if they gave in to union demands. Mayor Ole Hanson says “Any man who attempts to take over control of municipal government functions here will be shot on sight.” That’s his response to strikers’ plans to keep the city’s essential services – light, garbage, telephones and coffee shops probably because Seattle – functioning during the strike. The cops have a machine gun, so that’s good.

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Today -100: February 6, 1919: Who can hate Americans, we’re so cuddly

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US censors are still holding all letters sent from Germany to the US, because the two countries are still technically at war.

German government troops invade and bombard Bremen to oust the Spartacists.

The British government uses the wartime emergency Defence of the Realm Act to declare an electricians’ strike a crime.

The British were totally going to release interned Sinn Féin members, but after that prison escape, they totally aren’t. Rumor says escapee Éamon de Valera plans to go to the Peace Conference. 

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Today -100: February 5, 1919: Of propaganda, prison escapes, and artists united

The Senate Judiciary sub-committee which has been investigating German propaganda will now turn its attentions to Bolshevism and other radicalism (on the left) in the US. And speaking of pre-McCarthy McCarthyism, A. Mitchell Palmer, currently the man in charge of seized enemy property, is expected to be the next attorney general. Other candidates for the position have been eliminated because it’s been decided, for some reason, not to give it to any Southerner.

Sinn Féin leaders Éamon de Valera, Seán Milroy, and Seán McGarry escape from Lincoln Gaol. The prisoners communicated the details of the plot, which literally involve a key in a cake, to each other by singing them in Gaelic.

Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D.W. Griffith form the United Artists film studio.

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Today -100: February 4, 1919: Of tired Germans and Constantinople

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Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner says strikes are the result of workers being underfed and therefore too weak to work. He also says that German Austria will probably be merged into Germany.

At the Peace Conference, Greece puts in a claim for Constantinople and other bits of Ottoman territory which Greece claims are inhabited by ethnic Greeks. Although if the League of Nations becomes a real thing, Greece might be okay with an internationalized Constantinople under the League, as long as no one changes its name and makes a stupid song about it.

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Today -100: February 3, 1919: Of zitas, desires to avoid bloodshed, and student strikes

Rumor of the Day -100: Former Emperor Charles of Austria is getting a divorce from Zita.

Rumor of the Day -100: The Bolsheviks are bombarding Petrograd to put down a revolt by former soldiers.

Bremen is preparing for a siege by the German government but, the NYT says, “seem to count on... the Government’s well-known desire to avoid bloodshed if at all possible.”  Well-known to whom?

Students at the Berlin Gymnasium (high school) go on strike to protest the return of murdered Spartacist leader Karl Liebknecht’s son Paul two weeks after the murder.

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Today -100: February 2, 1919: Already treated like slaves

The big powers decide on some of the details of the League of Nations: countries are to submit disputes between themselves to the League; economic sanctions on disobedient nations will be mandatory but military force is optional for each nation. There is disagreement on banning conscription: Italy in particular thinks it can’t pay enough to attract volunteers. Responsibility for “the moral guardianship of uncivilized races.” League of Nations mandates will be lighter in areas with more “advanced” civilizations and heavier in, well, you know.

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The Lokal-Anzeiger complains without even a hint of self-awareness, “We no longer have any say concerning our fate and future, but are already treated like slaves.”

The German government sends troops into Bremen to suppress the Spartacists.

The US government refuses passports to African-Americans to attend the Pan African Congress in Paris, citing the French government’s position that this is not a “favorable time” for such a conference. France, of course, has colonies in Africa.

The State Dept also cancels the passports of two suffragists who had said they were going to France for war work, because they once picketed the White House and might be intending to harass Pres. Wilson in Paris about, you know, girl stuff.

Rosika Schwimmer, the first woman ambassador, is fired by the Hungarian government as its ambassador to Switzerland, for unclear reasons.

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A Sgt. Williamson enters his hun-chasing dog Gas in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. Gas’s breed is not mentioned.

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Today -100: February 1, 1919: Wong place, Wong time

Philadelphia Mayor Thomas Smith (R) is acquitted of violating election laws in the 1917 city council primaries in which a cop protecting one of the candidates was killed and thugs were brought in from Jersey City.

Theodore Wong, the head of the Chinese Educational Mission in the US, which oversees Chinese students in the US, is shot dead, along with two secretaries, at their home/hq in Washington DC. To skip ahead on this one, police will arrest one Ziang Sung Wan, hold him in secret in a hotel room for a week to interrogate him while he was badly sick, finally extracting a confession which will be thrown out, along with his conviction, as the result of that coercion by the Supreme Court in a 1924 case that ultimately led to Miranda. He will be retried twice but never convicted. There’s a recent book on all this which sounds pretty good.

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Today -100: January 31, 1919: Of colonies, Posens, and Apaches

As the Peace Conference discusses the fate of Germany’s colonies, someone (the NYT does not say who) brings up the question of whether the US is violating its own alleged principles by continuing to treat Haiti and San Domingo as semi-colonies.

Australia objects to Britain’s assent to Wilson’s “internationalization” idea for the German colonies, because it might interfere with Australia’s plans to ban Japanese immigration into islands near it such as New Guinea (which it wants to annex). Prime Minister Hughes will later argue that not owning their new possessions outright would be a disincentive to invest. What’s the point of a colony if you can’t exploit it?

Poland and Czechoslovakia agree to allow the Peace Conference to decide who gets the Posen/Poznań district (55% Polish, says Poland; we want that coal, says Czech.; Germany still thinks Posen is part of Germany and is holding elections there for the Prussian Constitutional Convention). The Allies will occupy the area to keep the peace.

There have been reports of US soldiers committing assaults and murders and holdups in Paris. The AP claims these are “Apaches” – the pre-war name for Parisian street hoodlum types – in stolen uniforms, and that many of the alleged crimes never happened. Gen. William Harts says the reports of large numbers of murders by American soldiers are “untrue.” That is, he’s disputing the “large numbers” part, so I guess there are some murders by American soldiers in Paris. The Paris police chief points out that the US and Australian army uniforms really look a lot alike...

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Today -100: January 30, 1919: Of prohibition, mysterious recruiters, recognizing Poland, and lost colonies

New York and Vermont are the 43rd and 44th states to ratify the already ratified prohibition amendment. Only two states, Connecticut and Rhode Island, never will ratify. The New York Legislature’s vote is close. Some denounce prohibition as an idea of the Southern Democrats, “who are no more entitled to the name Democrat than the Bolsheviki.”

Rumor of the Day -100: Recruiters for an unknown foreign country (or countries), who might be Dutch but aren’t recruiting for the Netherlands, are said to have signed up hundreds of German sailors.

The US recognizes Poland. Which can use all the help it can get just now:

So the borders of the Poland that Wilson recognized are still very much up in the air.

Not literally up in the air, like “You have to be this tall to get into Poland.”

This complicates Poland’s appeals for help. The Allies are willing to supply them with weapons to kill Bolsheviks, but are worried they might be used against Czechs or Ukrainians. 

German newspapers are campaigning for the return of Germany’s colonies. 

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Today -100: January 29, 1919: Of Spanish Flu, colonies, and fighting Poles

The number of Spanish Flu cases in New York is increasing (228 deaths yesterday), but Health Commissioner Royal Copeland says it’s not an epidemic, because of course he does.

The Peace Conference argues about Germany’s colonies. Woodrow Wilson wants to “internationalize” them, turning over their administration to the League of Nations, which would in turn give a “mandate” over the colony to some country. Which is what will be done. It will be exactly like being a colony of Britain, France, Australia, South Africa, etc., but the mandatory power (that’s what they’ll be called) will supposedly operate the colonies on behalf of the natives and have to write reports. The US is arguing that the various secret arrangements Britain and France made during the war dividing up Germany’s colonies are null and void because of the 14 Points. France and Britain are willing to renege on their secret deal with Japan, which they feel didn’t do enough militarily to deserve the territorial loot with which they were bribed. India, by the way, which is present at the Conference as if it were an independent nation, has put in a claim for Tanganyika (Tanzania).

The White regime in Archangel refuses the Peace Conference’s suggestion that the Russian factions meet, because that would amount to giving a form of recognition to the Bolsheviks.

Headline of the Day -100:

You’d think the Peace Conference would have something to say about this, wouldn’t you?

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Today -100: January 28, 1919: Of small nations, cowardice and mawkish sentimentality, and old kaisers

The small nations give up their claims to greater representation at the Peace Conference (Serbia and Belgium especially made the case that as they suffered the most during the war they deserve more of a say than certain other countries they could name). Belgium would also like to annex Luxembourg.

The conference is discussing how to divvie up Germany’s colonies in the Far East and Africa.

The War Dept releases 113 imprisoned conscientious objectors. Well, 111: 2 say it’s against their religious scruples to leave, it “would not be for the glory of God.” The Kansas Legislature passes a resolution against the release, which it calls “mischievous, unwise, unpatriotic, unAmerican and destructive of the morale of every person wearing the uniform of the United States army,” placing “a premium on slackerism, cowardice and mawkish sentimentality.”

Former kaiser Wilhelm turns 60. There was going to be a concert by a church choir, but it was cancelled after an outcry (Willy knows nothing of any of this; his servants censor the newspapers and mail he gets so his formerly royal eyes are not offended by the sight of anything that might displease him).

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Today -100: January 27, 1919: Of funerals and hanging reds

The funeral of Karl Liebknecht and 30 other murdered Spartacists passes off without violence, as soldiers with artillery and machine guns lock down Berlin.

Headline of the Day -100:

To be clear, he means American Bolsheviks who are “trying to precipitate riot”.

The NYT admits that Trotsky wasn’t captured by Estonians after all.

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Today -100: January 26, 1919: Of state socialism, civilized nations, and health bran

Headline of the Day -100: 

The North Dakota Non-Partisan League, which controls both houses of the state legislature and wants to create a state bank and flour mills and more equitable taxation. You know, “state socialism.”

The Peace Conference adopts a resolution to establish a League of Nations open to every “civilized nation which can be relied on to promote its objects.” The conference will also create commissions to 1) determine who started the war and how the Germans violated the rules of war and create a tribunal to try those responsible, 2) determine reparations.

Koreans appeal to Woodrow Wilson to help free them from the Japanese yoke. One of the signatories is Syngman Rhee, future president of South Korea, who has a PhD from Princeton, where Wilson was president.

Portugal remains a republic, as the monarchist forces are rather easily defeated.

If you were wondering how they said “this product makes you shit” in 1919:

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Today -100: January 25, 1919: Of Russian legions, prejudiced claims, prisoners, and extra meat

The War Dept says soldiers can stay in the army until they find jobs.

Former Tsarist Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov, in Paris (and in exile), asks for the Whites to be allowed to recruit volunteers from European countries to fight the Bolsheviks.

The council of the Allies warns that any country taking territory by force (this means you, Italy) would “seriously prejudice the claims of those who used such means and set up sovereignty by coercion.”

Rumor of the Day -100: Trotsky has been taken prisoner by the Estonians.

Bavarian Prime Minister Kurt Eisner orders that the extra ration of meat Duke Ludwig Wilhelm has been getting be stopped. What Eisner has against the 87-year-old unimportant member of the Wittelsbach family, who gave up his ducal rights long ago in order to marry the first of two actresses, is unclear.

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Today -100: January 24, 1919: Of sitting with assassins, evacuations, elections, and early recognitions

Former Tsarist Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov rejects the Peace Conference’s idea of a meeting between the contending (well, warring) Russian factions. He says he “will not sit with assassins” (that quote is in the banner headline but appears nowhere in the article).

The NYT reports that Minister of War Leon Trotsky and his forces are evacuating Petrograd and Trotsky has ordered the city surrendered without a fight.

The German federal election results are in. The Social Democrats have 163 out of the 421 seats, followed by the Zentrum (Catholic Center) Party, with 91 and the Democratic Party (DDP). The NYT’s headline focuses on the election of 34 women (women voted for the first time in this election), 15 of them SPD, the rest scattered among the other parties (except the dying National Liberals).

Headline of the Day -100:

Yup, that’s Poland alright, they’ll say.

Portuguese warships bombard the country’s second city, Porto. There are rumors (which the NYT reported as fact a day or two ago) that the deposed and exiled king Manuel is about to land.

There’s an uptick of anti-Semitism in Argentina and other South American countries.

And the Broomielaw Race Riot in Glasgow.

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Today -100: January 23, 1919: Leave Poles alone

The German government announces that the National Convention to draw up a new constitution will be held in Weimar instead of turbulent Berlin.

Headline of the Day -100: 

Germany responds to Britain’s complaint by saying that the British government is ill-informed about events in the East and anyway the Poles started it.

The Peace Conference adopts Woodrow Wilson’s proposal that all factions in Russia be invited to meet representatives of the Allies next month to sort Russia out. And there should be a cease-fire first. The communique assures the Russians that the Allies are not trying for a counter-revolution.

The Allies are totally trying for a counter-revolution. 

The smaller countries at the Peace Conference are beginning to realize that the Big Five intend to shut them out of significant decision-making.

The meeting of the Irish Dáil Éireann comes off without a hitch (or a police raid), and chooses an Irish Cabinet. Censors prevent the Dublin newspapers from publishing the declaration of independence.

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Today -100: January 22, 1919: Why should we not be masters in our own house?

Headline of the Day -100:

Good luck with that, guys. Prince Faisal of the Kingdom of Hejaz says the Arabs have an even greater right to independence than the new states in Europe “since we are the oldest democracy in the world.” That’s Prince Faisal saying that. “Why should we not be masters in our own house?” he asks.

Also looking for independence, 25 of the people elected to the British Parliament from Ireland (the rest being in prison or exile) constitute themselves as an Irish Parliament (Dáil Éireann), declare Irish independence, adopt a provisional constitution, and appoint a delegation to present Irish claims to the Peace Conference. 2/3 of that delegation are currently in prison, leaving only Count Plunkett, a name I will never stop finding amusing. The TDs (that’s the term in 2019, I’m not sure what this group called themselves) have some difficulties trying to conduct the meeting in Gaelic.

Ex-king Manuel of Portugal changes his mind and says he’d be willing to take back the throne after all, now that the war is over and with the assassination of President Sidónio Pais last month and everything.

In the US Senate, Sen. Warren G. Harding says things are “drifting into chaos” in terms of reconstruction in the US and Wilson and his administration should “give up their idealism.” Evidently the first step in his campaign to become president is taking a firm anti-idealism stand. He thinks Wilson should have formalized a peace deal first thing, before he went around Europe being adored by the masses. Also, because Wilson kept talking about making the world safe for democracy, Harding thinks he’s personally responsible for Bolshevism, because logic. He says that in Europe, “If we must have anarchy on the one hand or hateful autocracy on the other, I choose autocracy.”

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Today -100: January 21, 1919: Of monarchists, trustworthy nations, resentful kings, and IQ

The Austrian government tells former Emperor Charles that unless the monarchist movements at home and abroad cease to agitate for his return, he will be banished from Vienna.

Lord Robert Cecil, the British foreign secretary until earlier this month and now in charge of League of Nation policy for Britain, says only “trustworthy” nations should be admitted to the League. Germany, Austria, Turkey and Bulgaria will be deemed trustworthy when their governments are not dominated by the military and no doubt a whole bunch of other criteria, and in Germany’s case when the present disorder is resolved.

Headline of the Day -100: 

Former Portuguese King Manuel II, deposed in 1910 when a republic was proclaimed, objects to the movement of soldiers who just occupied Porto and proclaimed the Monarchy of the North in his name without even asking him, which is just bad manners.

Columbia University will replace entrance exams with IQ tests.

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Today -100: January 20, 1919: Of radio aliens, bells, epilepsy, and roofs

In an interview, radio dude Guglielmo Marconi says he hopes to communicate with life on other planets. Indeed, he’s often received odd signals which just might be....

German National Assembly elections are held amidst riots and the occasional general strike. Spartacists, none too pleased about the murder of their leaders, seize bourgeois newspapers and disrupt voting.

Erich Ludendorff (who fled Germany at the end of the war) says he’s writing a completely impartial book that will totally exonerate him.

Italians in the regions of Italy which were occupied during the war ask to be given Austrian cannons to melt and make new church bells to replace the ones that were taken away by the Austrians to be made into cannons.

Prince John of England, King George V’s 6th kid, dies of epilepsy at 13. The official notice of his death is the first time his medical condition is revealed to the public.

Headline of the Day -100:

Jules Védrine wins a 25,000 franc prize for landing on a roof (offered before the war), which seems oddly specific. He lands on a department store roof in Paris. His plane is 36 feet wide, the roof 52 feet wide & 75 feet long. Védrine, who has the first pilot to beat 100 mph and hopes to fly around the world, will die in a crash in 3 months.

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Today -100: January 19, 1919: Good luck with that, guys.

The Peace Conference opens. The Germans, whenever they arrive, will oppose any terms that go beyond Wilson’s 14 Points.

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Today -100: January 18, 1919: Summary, if irregular, justice

The armistice is extended for another month.

Karl Liebknicht is reportedly shot dead while “attempting to escape.” And Rosa Luxemburg is reportedly beaten by a mob and shot dead by some rando and thrown in the canal. Both stories are, of course, bullshit (except for the canal part; it will be months before her body, um, surfaces): the two were tortured and then executed by the soldiers who held them, under orders from their commanding officer. Pre-meditated, in other words. The German press mostly blames her for her supposed mob lynching, for having aroused “the basest passions.” And so does the NYT, which calls their murders “a summary, if irregular, justice to the fomenters of robbery, murder, and anarchy.” It blames the thriving of the Spartacists on the hesitance of the Socialist government “to make the final test.” “These two leaders, the man violent but weak, the woman a termagant of the familiar revolutionary type, have perished miserably by the sword they drew.”

The press protest their exclusion from the peace negotiations, demanding the admittance of 5 journalists from each major country. The French newspapermen don’t join the protest, they’re not fussed. The Supreme War Council backs down and will allow in 3 reporters from each country, except when they don’t.

Another rumor of a counter-revolution breaking out in Petrograd. Lenin is evidently now in exile in... Barcelona.

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